Unit 4 Cells to Organisms

Definitions

Prokaryotic Cells- cells with no membrane around their nuclear material

Eukaryotic Cells- cells with a nucleus and a membrane around it

Cell Membrane- a structure that forms the outer boundary of the cell and allows only certain materials to move into and out of the cell

Nucleus- structure that controls all the activities of the cell

Chromatin- a material made of proteins and DNA in the nucleus that control the activities of the cell

Cytoplasm- a gel-like material containing many organelles to carry out the life processes of the cell

Organelles- the structures in the cytoplasm that carry out life processes in the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum- folded membrane that moves materials around in the cell

Ribosomes- organelles that make protein

Golgi bodies- stacks of membrane-covered sacs that package and move proteins to the outside of the cell

Mitochondria- organelles where food molecules are broken down and energy is released

Lysosomes- organelles that digest wastes and worn-out cell parts as well as break down food

Cell Wall- rigid structure outside the cell membrane that supports and protects a plant cell

Chloroplast- organelles in plant cells in which light energy is changed into chemical energy in the form of sugar

Tissues- groups of similar cells that do the same sort of work

Organ- a structure made up of different types of tissues that work together to do a particular job

Cells

Cells´ workings are compared to a business that operates 24 hours a day making dozens of different products.

The organelles that can be found in cytoplasm are endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, lysosomes, and vacuoles

Plant cells contain cell walls, differing them from animal cells.

Plant cells can create their own food.

Bacterial cells have no membrane-covered organelles

Cells differ in shape, size, and what is inside.

Cells are organized (smallest to largest) by cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

The shape of a cell can tell you the job the cell does.

A one-celled organism performs all life processes alone while many-celled organisms work together and depend on each other to survive.

Plant cells are more rectangular and boxy than other kinds of cells.

Animal cells are more circular or irregular

Animal and plant cells are eukaryotic cells.

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic.

Centriole- Bundles of microtubules that play a role organizing the movement of chromosomes during cell division

Meiosis

Mitosis

Meiosis is a type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell

Mitosis is a process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cells

Function- cellular reproduction and general growth and repair of the body

Type of Reproduction- Asexual

Function- Sexual reproduction

Type of Reproduction- Sexual

Occurs in- Humans, animals, plants, fungi

Occurs in- all organisms

Is genetically different

Is genetically identical

Crossing Over- Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur

Crossing Over- No, crossing over can not occur

Number Of Divisions- 2

Number Of Divisions- 1

Number Of Cells Produced- 4

Number Of Cells Produced- 2

Chromosome Number- Reduced by half

Chromosome Number- Remains the same

Steps of Mitosis- Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis

Mitosis Creates- makes everything other than sex cells

Meiosis Creates- Sex cells only: Female egg cells or male sperm cells

Steps of Meiosis- Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Cytokinesis, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2, Cytokinesis once again.

Vesicles- a small structure made of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials through the cell

Microtubule- part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Reactants of Photosynthesis- CO2 + H2O

Chemicals

Oxygen- O2

Products of Photosynthesis- O2 + C6H12O6

Scientists

Leeuwenhoek- discovered that there are microscopic organisms in pond water

Vacuoles- store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells they also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell

Nucleolus- this produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. They are collected inside the endoplasmic reticulum and transported throughout the cell. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell

Cytoskeleton- Helps maintain cell shape. Its primary importance is in cell motility. It makes the cell move internally and externally.
Made of microfilaments and microtubules. (protein strands)

Cilia- Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.

Flagella- Whip-like appendage that extends from the body; used for movement or for sensing the environment

Peroxisomes- Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell

Reactants of Cellular Respiration- O2 + C6H12O6

Glucose- C6H12O6

Carbon Dioxide- CO2

Water- H2O

Schleiden- discovered that plants are made of cells

Hooke- saw cells in cork and decided to use the word "cells" to describe them

Schwann- discovered that animals are made of cells

Virchow- developed the cell theory and came to the conclusion that all cells come from other cells