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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (Stem Growth and Differentiation,…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Basic Types of Cells and Tissues
Parenchyma
Table 5-2
cells have only primary walls that remain thin
Parenchyma Tissue
mass of parenchyma cells
most common type of cell and tissue
soft leaves
petals
seeds
fruits
Sclerenchyma
has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall
almost always lignified
walls are elastic
Fibers
long
Sclereids
short
Table 5-3
Figure 5-8
Figure 5-10
Collenchyma
Collenchyma Cells
primary cell walls that remain thin in some areas but becomes thickened in other areas
most often in the corners
Internal Organization of Stems: Arrangement of Primary Tissues
Epidermis
a single layer of living parenchyma cells
the outermost surface of an herbaceous stem
Cutin
a fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water
Guard Cells
Stomatal Pore
hole
Stoma
guard cells and a stomatal pore together
opened in the daytime to let CO2 in
Trichomes
"hairs"
Cuticle
cutie builds up as a more or less pure layer
Cortex
interior to the epidermis
Vascular Tissues
Xylem
conduct water and minerals
Phloem
distributes sugars and minerals
Xylem
Tracheids
Vessel Elements
Tracheary Element
Phloem
Sieve Cells
Sieve Elements
refers to both
Sieve Tube Members
Sieve Pores
Sieve Areas
sieve pores also occur clustered together
Sieve Tube
stacked from end to end with their large sieve areas aligned
Sieve Plates
end-wall sieve ares with large pores
Albuminous Cells
associated with Sieve Cells
Companion Cells
sieve tube members are controlled by this
Table 5-8
Vascular Bundles
Xylem and Phloem occur together
located just interior to the cortex
Pith
a region of parenchyma similar to the cortex
Collateral
all vascular bundles
Primary Xylem
Primary Phloem
External Organization of Stems
Nodes
leaves are attached
Internodes
regions between nodes
Axillary Bud
a miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem and several young leaves
Phyllotaxy
important in positioning leaves
so they dont shade each other
Stolons
also called runners
internodes are long and thin
leaves don't expand
extends without using a lot of nutrient reserves
Rhizomes
fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground
bamboo
irises
Tubers
horizontal but grow for only a short period and are mainly a means of storing nutrients (potatoes).
Trunk
vertical main shoot
Stem Growth and Differentiation
Apical Meristems
cells divide by mitosis and cytokinesis, producing progenitor cells for the rest of the stem
Subapical Meristem
below the apical meristem
Protoxylem
because they constitute the first xylem to appear
Metaxylem
because these cells have had the longest time for growth before differentiation, they develop into the largest tracheary elements of all
Protophloem
exterior cells
Metaphloem
cells closest to the metaxylem
Protoderm
epidermal cells that are in the early stages of differentiation
Provascular Tissues
young cells of xylem and phloem
Ground Meristem
the equivalent stages of path and cortex
Primary Tissues
tissues produced by apical meristems
Primary Growth
the growth and tissue formation that results from apical meristem activity
Figure 5-1
Table 5-1
Concepts
Angisperms
flowering plants
Basal Angeiosperms
waterlilies
magnolias
laurels
Euticots
broadleaf plants
roses
asters
maples
Monocots
grasses
lilies
cattails
palms
philodendrons
bromeliads
Primary Plant Body
herbaceous body
Secondary Plant Body
woody body
Herb
plant that never becomes woody
or covered with bark
lives less than a year
Primarily tissues
snapdragons
beans
corn
