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Cells (growth and division (Stem cells (Potential treatments (Organ…

- - - - repair
      - grow
      - reproduce
    - - to maximize surface area to volume ratio
        
        Surface area
        
        height x width x number of sides
        
        Volume
        
        height x width x depth
    - - allows for more efficient exchange of materials
    - - cell doesn't make DNA copies as it grows
      - nucleus is limited on how much cell activity it can control
  - - - DNA is genetic material
    - - DNA twisted around histome protiens
      - folded to form a single chromatid
        
        So the DNA can fit in a cell
    - - To have instructions on what to do
      - 2 indentical sister chromatids are formed
        
        attached by a centromere
  - - - completion of M phase, when the organelles and cytoplasm split into 2 cells
      - in plants the golgi bodies create a cell plate
    - - interphase
        
        nucleus and nucleolus are visible
        
        chromosomes have not appeared
        
        has 3 subphases
        
        G1 phase
        
        cell growth after division has occured
        
        S phase
        
        DNA replication
        
        G2 phase
        
        replication of organelles to prepare for division
        
        spends ~90% of time in interphase
      - Mitosis (m phase)
        
        Prophase
        
        nucleus starts to disappear
        
        chromosomes visible and scattered
        
        spindle fibers and centrioles appear
        
        metaphase
        
        chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
        
        called the metaphase plate
        
        attached to the spindle fibers
        
        telophase
        
        nucleus reappears
        
        chromosomes / spindle fibers reappear
        
        mitosis is complete
        
        anaphase
        
        sister chromatids pulled to opposite sides of cell
        
        each chromatid is a single chromosome
        
        each side gets an exact copy
  - - - cyclins
        
        protiens
        
        signal time to divide, duplicate chromosomes, or enter another cell cycle phase
      - cancer
        
        uncontrolled cell growth and division
        
        dont respond to regulatory signals
        
        Malignant tumors
        
        Masses of cells that damage surrounding tissues
        
        metastasizes - cells have broken off the tumor and
        traveled to other parts of the body
        
        known causes
        
        smoking
        
        radiation exposure
        
        certain viruses
  - - - Adult stem cells (bone marrow, heart, brain, lungs)
      - embryo stem cells
      - Umbilical cord blood
    - - Organ transplants
      - Heart disease
      - Alzheimer’s disease
      - Limb regeneration
- - - - so 1 polar body
      - 3 useless secondary eggs