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Chapter 4: Growth and Division of the Cell (Less Common Types of Division…
Chapter 4: Growth and Division of the Cell
Concepts
Cell Cycle
Division of mother cell
grow
divide again
Cell Cycle arrest
Cells stop dividing
extended period of growth
differentiate
mature
Plants
Growth Phase of the Cell Cycle (Interphase)
G1 Phase (gap 1)
first step after division
synthesis of nucleotides
longest part of cell cycle
G2 Phase
cells prepare for division
lasts 3-5 hours
spindle microtubules
produces proteins
processing chromosomes
breaking down nuclear envelope
S Phase (synthesis phase)
genes in nucleus are replicated
genome
chromosome
centromere
telomere
chromatid
histones
protection
structure
endoreduplication
replicate their DNA
nucleus twice as large
or become gigantic
rapid, intense metabolism
gene amplification
some genes are repeatedly replicated
needed for specialized metabolism of mature cell
Divison Phase of the Cell Cycle
karyokinesis
division of nucleus
mitosis
duplication division
nuclear genes are copied
genes are separated
packed in its own nucleus
prophase
chromosomes condense
nucleus becomes less distinct
nuclear envelope breaks into numerous vesicles
migrates to opposite poles
spindles
kinetochore
metaphase
metaphase plate
chromosomes line up in middle of cell
number of chromosomes double
telophase
chromosomes become less distinct
new nucleoli appear
reversed steps of prophase
anaphase
chromosomes are pulled to the poles of the cell
meiosis (reduction division)
meiosis I
prophase I
divided into 5 stages
leptotene (chromosomes condense)
zygotene (pairing of chromosomes)
chromosomes finds homologs
synapsis
synaptonemal complex
bivalent
pachytene (crossing over)
diplotene
homologs begin to move away from each other
do not separate
held together at the chiasmata
diakinesis
homologs continue to separate
chiasmata is pushed to the ends
paired only at the centromeres
metaphase I
forms metaphase plate
spindle microtubules move tetrads
center of cell
anaphase I
homologs separate completely
moves to opposite ends of spindles
telophase I
opposite from prophase II
meiosis II
prophase II
not subdivided like prophase I
metaphase II
centromeres divide
anaphase II
separates new chromosomes
telophase II
new nuclei are formed
2 sex cells (gametes)
zygote
haploid (one set of chromosomes)
diploid (both sets of chromosomes)
tetraploid (four sets of chromosomes)
occurs only in reproductive cells
cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
preprophase band (plane of devision)
phragmoplast
cell plate
phragmoplast
vesicle
walls
phragmosome (vacuole division)
Less Common Types of Division in Plants
karyokinesis can occur without cytokinesis
multinucleate cells
coenocyte
no nuclear division
algae
fungi
nutritive tissues of seeds
Cell Division in Algae
Nuclei
identical to animals
structure
metabolism
mitosis
meiosis
Cytokinesis
cleavage furrow
phragmoplast
phycoplast
Cell Division of Prokaryotes
mitosis and meiosis do not occur
cytokinesis is simpler
Division of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria
rings of DNA
infurrowing
being pulled into 2
each cell must contain
one mitochondria
one plastid
