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Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems (External organization of stems…
Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems
Concepts
Angiosperms
Flowering plants
Basal angiosperms
Eudicots
Monocots
Plant bodies
Primary plant body
Secondary plant body
Basic types of cells and tissues
Parenchyma
Primary walls that remain thin
Collenchyma
Primary wall that remains thin in some areas and thickens in others
Sclerenchyma
Has a primary wall and a thick secondary wall
Two types of cells
Conducting sclerenchyma
Mechanical sclerenchyma
Long fibers
Short sclereids
External organization of stems
Nodes
Where leaves are attached
Internodes
Regions between nodes
Leaf axil
Stem area above where leaf attaches
Axillary bud
miniature shoot with a dormant apical meristem
Bud scales
Modified leaves that protect organs inside
Terminal bud
At extreme tip of each stem
Stolons
Internodes are long and thin, leaves do not expand
Rhizomes
Fleshy horizontal stems that allow plants to grow undergroud
Tubers
Horizontal like rhizomes
Only grow for short period, mainly store nutrients
Internal organization of stems: arrangement of primary tissues
Epidermis
Outermost surface of an herbaceous stem
Single layer of living parenchyma cells
Cutin
Make wall impermeable to water
Cuticle
Stoma
Guard cells + stomatal pore
Trichomes
Little hairs
Cortex
Interior to epidermis
Vascular tissues
Xylem
Conducts water and minerals
Phloem
Distributes sugars and minerals
Xylem
Tracheids
Pit membrane
Set of primary walls and middle lamella
Vessel elements
Perforation
Large hole that water passes through
Vessel
Entire stack of vessel elements
Annular thickenings
Small amount of secondary cell wall organized as a set of rings
Border
Reduces weakness
Phloem
Sieve cells
Associated with albuminous cells
Sieve tube members
Stack end to end to form a sieve tube
Controlled by companion cells
Sieve pores
Cluster in sieve areas
Vascular bundles
Arranged in a ring surrounding the pith
Contains both xylem and phloem
Primary Xylem
Primary phloem
Stem growth and differentiation
Apical meristems
Where new cells are created so stems can grow longer
Subapical meristem
Below the apical meristem
Metaxylem
Cells have had the longest time for growth before differentiation
Photophloem
Exterior cells
Metaphloem
Cells closest to the metaxylem
Primary tissues
Tissues produced by apical meristem
Primary growth
Results from apical meristem activity
