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Thoracic Surgery (Etiology (Pleural disease (Pneuomothorax (closed,open…

- - - - From the lungs through a perforation of the visceral pleura
      - From the surrounding atmosphere through a perforation of the chest wall and parietal pleura or rarely through an esophageal fistula or a perforation abdominal virus
      - Gas-forming microorganisms in the edema in the pleural space
    - - Transudative- develops when fluid from the pulmonary capillaries moves into the pleural space
        
        CHF
        
        Hepatic hydrothorax
        
        Peritoneal dialysis
        
        Nephrotic syndrom
        
        Pulmonary embolism or infarction
      - Exudate- develops when the pleural surfaces are diseased
        
        Malignant pleural effusion
        
        Bacterial pneumonias
        
        TB
        
        Fungal disease
        
        PE resulting from disease of the GI tract
        
        PE resulting from collagen vascular disease
- - - - Blunting of costophrenic angles
      - Fluid level on affected side
      - Depressed diaphragm
      - Mediastinal shift (Unaffected side)
  - - - Increased translucency (darker lung fields on affected side)
      - Mediastinal shift to unaffected side in tension pneumo)
      - Depressed diaphram
      - Lung collapse
      - Atelectasis
- - - - Hyperresonant percussion note over AFFECTED side :red_flag:
      - Diminished BS over AFFECTED side
      - Tracheal shift (AWAY from AFFECTED side) :red_flag:
      - Displaced heart sounds
      - Increased thoracic volume on affected side
  - - - Tracheal shift
      - Decreased tactile and vocal fremits :red_flag:
      - Dull percussion note
      - Diminshed BS
      - Displaced heart sounds
      - Pleural friction rub :red_flag: