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Psychodynamic approach (Defence mechanisms (Psychoanalysis (Goal (To…

- - - - Moved to UK
        
        To escape Nazi's
- - - - Believes this determines most b/h
        
        Motivated by unconscious emotional drives
- - - - Uncomfortable memories are suppressed in the unconscious
    - - E.g. walk
      - & negatively emotionally charge words
        
        E.g. sadness
        
        Ptps then provide an associated word for each stimulus word
        
        E.g. sadness --> tears
        
        Later ptps asked to recall words that went w/ stimulus word
    - - Supports view that uncomfortable memories are repressed
        
        Provides experimental support for Freud's theory
    - - Harder to remember than concrete words
      - Should provide comparison
        
        Using positive associations
- - - - Instincts
  - - - Uses defence mechanisms
  - - - For 'wrong doing'
  - - - Superego dominant
        
        Might develop a neurosis
        
        E.g. depression
      - Id dominant
        
        Might develop a psychosis
        
        E.g. schizophrenia
- - - - To reveal the used of defence mechanisms
        
        Make unconscious --> conscious
        
        Issues can be dealt w/
  - - - Prevent us becoming overwhelmed
        
        By temporary threats or traumas
    - - Makes us able to cope w/ difficult situations
    - - But overuse and long term reliance
        
        Seen as unhealthy
- - - - Except latency
      - Any conflict that is unresolved leads to fixation
        
        =child becomes stuck and carries certain b/hs and conflicts from that stage into adult life
    - - 0-1
      - Mouth
        
        Rooting and sucking reflex
        
        Explores the world through the mouth
        
        Oral stimulation
        
        Suckling
        
        Brings pleasure, comfort and trust
      - Weaning
        
        From breast or bottle
        
        This separation starts the creation of the Ego
      - Fixation
        
        --> dependency or aggression
      - Example problems?
        
        Drinking, eating disorders, smoking, nail biting
    - - 2-3
      - Anus
        
        Pleasure from expelling or retaining faeces
      - Major conflict
        
        Toilet training
        
        Successful training
        
        Competent, productive and creative
      - Primary focus is controlling bowel movements
      - Strengthens the Ego
      - Problems?
        
        2 personality types
        
        Anal-expulsion
        
        Messy, wasteful and destructive
        
        Anal-retentive
        
        Stringent, orderly, rigid, obsessive
    - - 4-5
      - Genitals
        
        Masturbating
        
        'Stop touching yourself at the dinner table, Timmy'
        
        Discover boys and girls are different
      - Experience complex
        
        Oedipus
        
        Male child
        
        Incestuous feelings for mother
        
        Libido
        
        Murderous hatred for father
        
        Thanatos
        
        Castration anxiety
        
        Repressed feelings for Mother
        
        Identifying w/ Father to win Mother's affection
        
        Adoption of gender roles and moral values of Father
        
        Superego
        
        Electra
        
        Female child
        
        Penis envy
        
        Repress this
        
        Replace with desire for a child
        
        Identify w/ mother
        
        2 more items...
        
        Desire their father
        
        As the penis is the primary love object
        
        Libido
        
        Hate their Mother
        
        Thanatos
      - Leads to identification w/ same sex parent
        
        Internalisation of gender roles
        
        Forms the Superego
      - Fixation
        
        --> Phallic personality
        
        Narcissistic, reckless, possibly homosexuality
    - - 6-12
        
        6-puberty
      - No erotic focus
        
        Sexually repressed
      - Sexual drives channeled
        
        Intellectual persuits
        
        Social interaction
      - Libido interests are supressed
      - Ego and Superego are strengthened
        
        Work together to control the Id's desires
    - - Puberty onward
      - Genitals
        
        Being sexually active
      - Establishing intimate relationships
      - Strong sexual interest in the opposite sex
      - Interest in the welfare of others grows
      - Contributing to society through working
      - Aim of this stage is to balance life areas
        
        If all other stages have been completed successfully
        
        Individual is well balanced, warm and caring
    - - If a trauma has been experienced in a stage during development
        
        Person may regress as an adult to that stage
        
        If trauma re-emerges
        
        If put under stress
        
        May cause serious mental illness or deviant b/h
- - - - Psychoanalysis
        
        How many psychological therapies are now based
        
        Rarely used now in its original form
        
        But still used in a shorter version in some cases
    - - An idea extensively used today
    - - Proposes we are driven by innate, biological instincts
        
        Nature
        
        But the way these are expressed is shaped by our social envir.
        
        Nurture
  - - - Difficult to test experimentally
        
        Evidence are obtained from case studies
        
        Highly detailed
        
        E.g. Little Hans and Anna O
        
        Samples used are mainly Austrain
        
        Lack population validity
        
        Use mainly unstructured interviews
        
        Gathers qualitative data
        
        Need for interpretation
        
        Researcher bias
        
        1 more item...
        
        2 different researchers can reach completely different interpretations
        
        1 more item...
    - - If ppl b/h in the way predicted
        
        Viewed as supports
        
        If not
        
        Using defence mechanisms
    - - Conflicts that lead to disorder are unconscious
        
        Cannot do a/thing w/o an analyst
        
        They are disempowered
    - - Such as enlarged ventricles in schizophrenics
    - - Rejects idea of free will
      - Person's b/h is determined by their unconscious motives
        
        Which are shaped by
        
        Biological drives
        
        Early experiences