Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 6: The Birth of Philosophy and the Persian Wars (A. Miletus and…
Chapter 6: The Birth of Philosophy and the Persian Wars
A. Miletus and 1st Philosophers
1) Thales(ca. 625-ca. 545 BC)
very smart, celestial, geographical
thought whole universe was derived from water
Concerned with being vs. becoming
Water was unchanging,unity of the universe
Influenced by exposure to Eastern literature
2) Anaximander(b. 610)
Disagreed with Thales, saying if water is unity/being, there is no account for dryness
Theory: the limitless infinite, impossible to define
From the limitless. there emerged opposites (Dry/wet)
Counteracts injustice, justice follows
Anaximenes(fl.ca. 548/7)
Thought previous theories were arcane
Theory: Air was basic stuff of universe
Condensation and Rarefaction: Fire-> Air-> Water->Earth (arranged by density)
Metaphysics: of what is the universe made?
The Persian Wars (499-479 BC)
Ionian Revolt (499-494BC)
Lydia has been conquered by Persia and absorbed as a satrap
Greek defeating invading Persians
Persians instituted Tyrannies in Ionian cities, who were hard on Greeks Greeks became dissatisfied
Miletus: Only free city in Ionia, Aristogoras the tyrant sent to Sparta and Athens for help
Athens sent 20 triremes, Eretria sent 5
Ionians defeat Persians, but they didn't take the citadel and a fire broke out
Persians fled , but eventually crushed Ionians by 494 BC
Persians then wanted revenge on the Greeks who helped Ionians
The first and second Persian Assaults(429,490BC)
First; led by Mardonius, was a failure
Second Assault
Led by Hippies (Peisistratus' son)
Travelled straight across Aegean
Persians defeated Eretria, enslaved everyone and sent them to Asia
Wanted to face athenians on the Plains of Marathon, Athenas one to Sparta for help
Sparta: delayed by religious duties, missed entire battle
Plateans came to help, Athens wins because of better tactics and armour
Persians tried to come at them from the other side, but Athenians beat them back, and Persians gave up
The Third Persian Assault(480-479 BC)
Xerxes takes over after Darius' death, also has lots of enthusiasm towards punishing Greeks (r. 486-465BC)
Stored supplies along route
Built pontoon bridges over Hellespont
Persian forces began to move 480 BC
Greeks try and work together, but that is a weakness
Greeks led by Spartan General Pausanias
Gorge of Tempe: 1st attempt to stop them, fails
Thermopylae: 300 Spartans under Leonidas held off Persians for 4 days
Corinthian Isthmus: Persians burned down sanctuaries in revenge for Sardis
Salamis: where Themistocles and Athenians were able to stop the Persians, then the rest of Persians withdraw
Mardonius is killed