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How the Incas built their heartland (chapter 6 (Summary (After AD 1000 the…
How the Incas built their heartland
chapter 6
Inca state formation lasted for several generations (p. 109)
formed political alliances through marriages
reduced the conquered territories to provinces reallocating land and resources. IN some cases they use indirect rule. Conquered areas seem to have lost, but not all of their autonomy! (p. 116)
p. 117 -> several writers indicate that the first Inca territorial conquests were made to gain access to coca-producing lands in the Andes while Bernabé Cobo says that the conquest of the Cuyos was made because they refused to give exotic birds to the Inca ruler.
The emergence of the Inca state was concomitant with the loss in autonomy of non-Inca groups and the reorganisation of new areas under Inca control. Conquest and subsequent reorganization required the development of a state expansion ideology promoting Inca connections to ancestors and supernatural forces, which in turn necessitates the conquest of other groups and rulers who challenged this superiority
According to Cobo, the fifth Inca ruler conquered groups living north of the Vilcanota River after local elites refused to give him birds, six ruler conquered some towns simply because they were near a certain lake (p. 120)
territorial conquest -> the Inca ruler pursued it with divine guidance these ideological justifications continued during the imperial expansion.
would be wrong to create one ruler with the state formation so it was a longer process. Power was reconfigured in many forms
Summary
After AD 1000 the War polity's colonial influence in the Cusco region had declined, giving away to competition between smaller polities.
not all groups were subordinated during the initial territorial expansion. Some alliances were maintained, while hostile groups were attacked and raided periodically before finally being conquered. The state expanded his territory through increasingly protracted campaigns.- Inca imperial expansion began in earnest with sustained campaigns outside of the Inca heartland
Elite Interaction and local responses to inca Expansion
subjugation of the Ayamarcas, the Incas started off with marriage alliances
political alliances through elite marriages also in the annexation of the Lucre Basin (p. 141)
marriage alliances
p. 146 people also took second wives etc as a means of political control
the case of the Huayllacans in state expansion -> the sixth inca ruler, Inca Rocca, married Mama Micay of Patahuaillacan, who was the daughter of the leader of the Huayllacans. Marriage marked a shift from elite marriage alliance and thus political subordination from the Ayamarcas to the Incas although it is clear that Inca influence at the time was limited to hegemony rather than formal political administration. The wife had been promised to the other leader and this sparked a war (p. 147) story shows how the Incas grew in importance (p. 150
there story the Huayllacans tried to kill the legitimate heir -> get destroyed. other example demonstrates that as the Inca state grew stronger it redefined its relationship with subordinate groups The Huayllacans shifted their principle marriage alliance from the Ayarmacas to the Incas, presumably on the assumption that this change would most effectively preserve local autonomy and promote local political interests.they wanted a relative on the throne -> leads to the destruction of the political autonomy
The cues: Conquest and Consolidation
marriages promoted Inca Hegemony, military conquest and political administration were also important (p. 155)
according to hobo the initial conquest took place under the fifth ruler Capac Yupanqui -> appoints his brother to get him away from cuzco -> remain under Inca hegemony until the ninth inca ruler (Pachacutic Inca Yupanqui). The chronicles relate that after defeating the Chances, Pachacutic held a festival at which there was an attempt on him and the cuyos were blamed-> destruction and cuyo killing
cabello de balboas claim was that the cuyos were innocent -> pretext
• cuyos initial conques probably under the fifth ruler Capac Yupanqui -> cuyo under hegemony until the ninth inca ruler -> assassination attempt and the cuyos get blamed. -> improbable that they were culpable, a pretext? P. 157 (covey) -> archeological evidence suggests that cuyo was marginalized economically as it lost its independence but was not destroyed
more militaristic stance towards groups with which it did not contract
Foreword
many of the insights come nowadays from archeology (p. v)
State Expansion, Economic Intensification and Local Resistance
Military Campaigns and Territorial Consolidation
final phase of the Inca regional consolidation is characterised by increased militarism and suppression of local autonomy (p. 167)
increasingly sustained campaigns of military conquest characterised the period preceding the imperial expansion (p. 167)
various campaigns of the early rulers (p. 167)
Increasing warfare at the time because of a fight over natural resources during a period in which environmental conditions were fluctuating. (p. 167)
Increasing warfare at the time because of a fight over natural resources during a period in which environmental conditions were fluctuating. (p. 169) but armed conflict was essential to the transition from Inca Hegemony to direct territorial administration, as local elites tried to throw off inca rule and re-establish local tuonomy (p. 169)
the development of state infrastructure
an important means of producing surpluses to fund state projects and military campaigns
in the Sacred valley -> development of maize lands
maize production prior to the inca expansion (necessary?!) p. 173 -> the new lands developed in the Cusco region > provided the Inca state with agricultural surpluses capable of feeding tens of thousands of people