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China: 1900-49 (1900-11 (Collapse of the Qing Dynasty (Her successor as…

- - - - Who was Sunyatsen?
        
        Doctor Sunyatsen was a Christian, who was educated in American schools in Hawaii, and in a British college in Hong Kong. After travelling around the world and discovering many new ways of thinking, he perceived China as narrow-minded and backwards in terms of thinking
        
        He set up many different secret societies aiming to take down the Manchus by force. From 1894-1905 he led a 'Revive China Society' and in 1905 he set up a 'Tongmenghui', otherwise known as 'Sworn Chinese Brotherhood'. By 1898, his three aims were to "Eliminate the Manchus, eliminate the monarchy, and open the road to socialism'. However, by 1911, all of his attempts at revolution through overthrowing the government had failed
      - Why should he rule China?
        
        Leader of the Guomindang
        
        Believed in Chinese nationalism
    - - Who was Yuanshikai?
        
        Before 1911, Yuanshikai was the chief military commander in northern China. He was also well-known for being the most able general in China
        
        YSK was recalled from retirement by the Manchus in an attempt to suppress the rebellion against them. He was ordered to recapture Wuchang and punish the rebels of the New Army. Instead, he made a deal with their leaders. In return for their support, he would persuade Prince Chun, the regent given the power to rule, and Pu-yi, the two-year-old emperor, to give up the throne. Hence, he would take office as President of the Republic
      - Why should he rule China?
        
        Had the support of a strong army - military strength
        
        Able to control various warlords across many provinces in China
  - - - Living conditions of the peasants: great poverty and numerous famines
      - Manchu Dynasty: failure to reform, remote and corrupt. The new emperor in 1908 was a two-year-old boy, which showed that the dynasty was clearly in trouble
      - Foreign influence: unequal treaties and spheres of influence, humiliation for China
      - Taiping and Boxer Rebellions: suppressed by the foreign powers once again, showed how weak the Manchus were
      - Growth of nationalism: people felt that a new regime was needed to restore China's pride
    - - The rebels set up a new government in Nanjing
      - The rebellion spread throughout central and southern China
      - Contest for control over China begins
    - - September 1911: anti-Manchu demonstrations began in Sichuan over a plan to nationalise the railways
      - 10th October 1911 ("The Double Tenth"): soldiers in the Wuchang garrison join the rebellion when the Manchus attempt to arrest arm sympathisers
  - - - However, Prince Chun disliked change. He sided with the conservatives in court and gave important positions to his brothers. He also appointed the most conservative of the Imperial Princes to the post of Prime Minister. At the same time he dismissed many powerful and able officials, namely Yuanshikai
- - - - Causes
        
        Unfair terms of the Treaty of Versailles granted Germany's possessions in the Shandong area to Japan
      - Course of events
        
        Uprising started on 4th May 1919 when students from Beijing University protested in Tiananmen Square
      - Effects
        
        Movement spread to other cities where strikes and protests took place
        
        China subsequently refused to sign the treaty
        
        Rejection of old-fashioned ideas
        
        Adoption of new ideas including freedom, democracy and equal rights. This was known as the New Tide
        
        Increase in the creation of revolutionary groups fighting to achieve unity and independence for China
    - - 'Three Principles of the People'
        
        Democracy
        
        People's welfare
        
        National freedom
      - The GMD's aim was to overthrow the warlords in order to take control of China. To do so, it needed an army.
        
        Sunyatsen set up a military academy to train GMD soldiers, thus the GMD became known as a military organisation. Its army was known as the New Republican Army (NRA)
      - Sun was assisted in his development of the GMD by advisers from the Soviet Union. They organised negotiations and helped to reorganise the GMD as a mass party with a powerful central leadership.
      - When SYS died of cancer in 1925, Chiang Kai Shek was ideally placed to succeed him to lead the GMD's campaign to overthrow the warlords.
    - - Shanghai Massacre
        
        The GMD took control of Shanghai. 2 weeks after taking control, Chiang decided to turn on the Communists. Chiang's attacks on the Communists or 'Reds' were widely supported by Shanghai's industrialists, foreigners and even crime organisations. More than 5,000 Communists were dragged out and killed. As a result, the attacks spread to other areas
      - Development of the United Front
        
        The CCP agreed to work with the GMD in order to destroy the warlords, expel foreigners from China and to improve the lives of ordinary Chinese people
      - Victory of the United Front
        
        By the summer of 1927, the United front had taken control of central China and by 1928, Chiang took control of eastern China. In April 1928, Chiang drove the warlord Zhang Zuolin out of Beijing in the north. He then declared the GMD the legal government in China, and moved the capital from Beijing to Nanjing.
        
        Reasons for United Front victory
        
        The strength and tactics of the United Front army
        
        The role of the CCP in gaining support of the peasants
        
        Deals made by Chiang with the warlords; Chiang bribed individual warlords and allowed them to keep their armies if the submitted to GMD control
  - - - CKS made an alliance with two powerful warlords in the north - Fengyuxiang and Yanxishan. With their help, Chiang was able to fight a war against Zhangzuolin, the ruler of Manchuria, who controlled all parts of Northern China, including Beijing
        
        As Zhangzuolin was killed in an assassination attempt by an explosion on his train, his successor and son, Zhangxueliang, surrendered to CKS and recognised the GMD as the true government of China
      - The GMD was now the most powerful single force in China. After transferring the capital from Beijing to Nanjing, it set itself up as the National Government and gave the power to rule to a Council of State. The Chairman of this Council was of course CKS, making him the ruler of China
    - - The survivors of the Communist massacres in all major cities of China in 1927 retreated to the province of Jiangxi
        
        Over the course of a few years, the Communists managed to win over the support of many of the peasants living within the province. The CCP passed a Land Law, essentially redistributing land to the peasants. This meant that many of them found they were in charge of their own land. Moreover, the CCP reduced taxes on land, set up schools, abolished outmoded practices and created Peasant Councils to allow communities to express their opinions on issues
    - - Chiang was determined to destroy the Communists, as he saw them as a greater threat than the warlords. His first extermination campaign was launched in October 1930. Chiang intended to surround and annihilate the Communists in Jiangxi, but his plan failed miserably. The CCP refused to fight the GMD face to face and instead tricked NRA troops into entering their territory whilst laying out traps for them
      - Chiang took personal charge of the next campaign in July 1931. Even though he caught the CCP by surprise, his slow and cautious strategy allowed smaller CCP troops to escape. Additionally, the violent methods employed by the GMD troops used to enter villages caused retaliation from peasants and villagers, further delaying their pursuit of the CCP
      - In autumn 1933, the GMD launched its fifth and final extermination campaign. Chiang's new military adviser, General Hans von Seekt, suggested that GMD defences force CCP troops back while providing shelter for the NRA troops. Eventually, the Nationalists established a blockade around Jiangxi and deprived the inhabitants of resources by destroying everything of use to them. In the end, the CCP had no choice but to abandon the Jiangxi Soviet
  - - - The warlords would often exploit their people to get rich through corruption and taxation
      - The warlord government lacked the modern ideologies which would bring about change in China
      - Many soldiers who fought in warlord armies were often unreliable and switched sides looking for more money, as they were typically jobless and hungry people trying to earn a living
      - Each warlord had limited resources, making it difficult for them to unite China
    - - Elections for the National Assembly were held in 1913
      - Sunyatsen's party, the GMD, won the majority of the seats. Yuanshikai was unwilling to co-operate with the GMD, so he quickly began to ignore the Assembly's decisions
      - In 1914, Yuanshikai dissolved the National Assembly after appointing himself President, effectively granting him total power over China for the next 10 years
      - In 1915, the Japanese government presented Yuan with their Twenty-One Demands. Reluctant to begin a war with Japan, YSK accepted their terms, which led to his rapidly declining support
      - Shortly after, Yuanshikai died in 1916
    - - None of them was prepared to give up their private armies or submit to an outside authority
      - They were extremely cruel rulers
      - They made agreements with foreign powers who wanted to protect their economic interests in China
- - - - China was trying to change its thinking and seek modernity
      - Nationalism
        
        China wanted to be a nation state, a self-governed country) but it was an empire (group of areas ruled altogether)
    - - Westerners forced Chinese consumers to buy opium
      - They also bought along a lot of new ideas as well as weaponry
      - There was a lot of unequal trade and war
      - Loss during the opium war meant Westerners used the opportunity to create a treaty where several ports were opened as a means of trade for opium
    - - 1864, Nanjing: Qing dynasty relies on many different provinces to gather an army
      - Anger caused by Western influence/invasion starts war
    - - Rise of the Boxer Rebellion/Uprising: The Boxer Rebellion were a self-described spiritual group in China who believed that the foreigners and Christians were responsible for causing problems in their country, thus wanted to get rid of them
    - - A warlord was a commander of a personal army ruling a territory, acting somewhat independently
    - - Why did the Qing Dynasty lose support?
        
        The Qing were a minority
        
        They lost the "mandate of heaven", in which people believed that the heavens would provide them with good weather. However, after the arrival of the foreigners, many people suffered from famine and drought, leading them to believe that the foreigners were the reason behind this
        
        During the Taiping rebellion, the Qing Dynasty managed to suppress the chaos with European help. In spite of this, people hated the Manchus even more