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Scientific realism / Kritisk realism ((General description of "…

- - - - The relation between thought and world that realism accepts: science might add new cases. We are modifying common-sense realism to make it more responsive to science = naturalistic modification
      - Definition of common-sense Realism naturalized: We all inhabit a common reality, which has a structure that exist independently of what people think and say about it, except insofar as reality is comprised of, or is casually affected by thoughts, theories and other symbols, and except insofar as reality is dependent on thoughts, theories and other symbols in ways that might be uncovered by science
      - Scientific Realism: 1) Common-sense Realism naturalized and 2) One actual and reasonable aim of science is to give us accurate descriptions (and representations) of what reality is like. This project include giving us accurate representations of aspects of reality that are unobservable
      - STATEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC REALISM: says that giving us accurate representations of the world is a resonable aim of science. if someone thought it was just about impossible for us to do so, then it is hard to see how it could be a reaonsable aim for science to try to do so which gives a limit to the pessimism.
- - - - Our empirical data
      - The theories that we draw upon to explain our empirical data
      - Our metatheories, the theory and the philosophy behind our theories
    - - Ontological realism (positivist) the world exist independent from us, there is a truth
        
        Ontological realism: there is a nature there and we want to look at the nature of that reality. At the heart of CR is realism about ontology, an inquiry into the nature of things. Share with positivism that there is a reality exist outside, and that operates independently from our awareness or knowledge of it. However, I cannot get knowledge through empiri (survey), I grasp one part of that reality, but not complete.
        
        From CR there are 4 modes of reality (CR ontology):
        The material world, material real: oceans, plants, mountains…
        Ideally real: Discourses, language, signs, symbols, beliefs, concepts (recognized by social constructionist). The construction of sexuality as an illness has real implications.
        Socially real (ontologically real, social systems): market mechanism (social phenomena), organisations, class or gender structures, norms, rules etc… We try to capture whole systems. The invisible hand.
        Artefactually real (created by humans): buildings, tools, computers…
      - Epistemic relativism (social constructionism, there is no realism, there are different realities)
        (That moment is for that moment for that constructed reality)
        
        Epistemic Relativism: OR is committed to the relatively autonomous existence of social reality, and our investigations into the nature of reality
        How ever, our knowledge about that reality is always historically, socially, and culturally situated
        Knowledge is articulated from various standpoints according to various influences and interests and is transformed by human activity.
        
        IN OTHER WORDS: our knowledge is: 1) context-dependent 2) concept-dependent and 3) activity-dependent
        
        What we say about something its valid for that context, with those concept, with those activities. Example: we cannot explain french revolution and chinese revolution with the same concepts etc… Not universal
        
        There is no way of knowing the world except under particular, more or less historically transient descriptions.
      - Judgemental rationality
        
        Judgemental rationality (JR): as opposed to judgemental relativism, simply suggest that being realists about ontology and relativists about epistemology, we must accordingly assert that there are criteria for judging which accounts about the world are better or worse.
        
        It is possible to refine and improve our knowledge about society and the world over time. And to make claims about reality which are relatively justified, while still being historical contingency and changing.
      - A cautious ethical naturalism
    - - Tries to find constant patterns in human relations, the society and history but does not consider them as objective. It see the patterns as expressions of power and differences from which men and women can be liberated. Power. There can be another world.
        
        It is thus emancipatory. Social sciences role is not to give an objective description of the reality, but to give a critical analysis of the negative conditions that perpetuate reality.
        Positivism rules and scientific work is socially determined and reflects the historical context in which this rules are created but also have political implications. The scientist is apart of society.