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Social Relationships (Outcome 1) (Status, Power and Roles (Zimbardo's…

- - - - Noticing
        
        By noticing the situation a person is more likely to respond in a pro-social way. Noticing is the first step in making a helkping response.
      - in order for help to occur, a person must believe that helping behaviour is required or is appropriate for the situation. this is based on their interpretation of the situation, which can be influenced by others, particularly how they respond to the same situation
      - Taking responsibility
        
        After noticing and interpreting a person must take responsibility. this is required to respond. when there are others nearby then the responsibilty id diffused this is called the bystander effect
    - - you are more likely to help someone when you are in a good mood to stay in that good mood but when you are in a bad mood you are more likely to help to get out of that mood but it is less liekly for you to help because your attention could be focused on yourself.
      - empathy we are more likely to help someone if we feel empathy for the person needing help this is because we identify with and understand another persons feelings or difficulties.
      - competence increases your chance of helping because you know how to help.
    - - Social Reciprocity norm
        
        The reciprocity norm prescribes that we should help others who help us.
      - the social responsibility norm prescribes that we should help those who need help because it is our responsibility or duty to do so
- - - - Kitty Genevese; was brutally stabbed to death, although there were many witnesses, no one helped, due to their belief of someone else helping.
      - Smoke Filled Room Study; To investigate the effect of other people reduces the likelihood of an individual reporting an emergency
- - - - Referent
        
        individuals identify with or want to be liked by this person. E.g, a celebrity idol, a friend who you want t o be liked by.
      - Expert
        
        having special knowledge and skills that are desirable or needed. E.g, a student skilled in a subject helps other students in the class.
      - Informational
        
        having information/resources that are useful and unavailable elsewhere. E.g, a librarian or a specialist
      - Coercive
        
        ability to give negative consequences in response to a specific behaviour. E.g, an employer can dismiss an employee, a teacher can give detention.
      - Reward
        
        ability to give positive consequences in response to a behaviour. E.g, an employer can give a pay rise or a promotion.
      - Legitimate
        
        status in a group allows to exercise power of those with lower status. E.g, a group leader, team captain, police officer
  - - - the Role of the experimenter is to conduct and lead the experiment to ensure that no ethics are breached and the participants are being treated fairly
      - Withdrawal rights
        
        withdrawal rights is the right to leave the experiment at anytime if they feel uncomfortable, or their mental wellbeing is at risk
      - Informed consent
        
        informed consent is when a participant is informed and told about what they are participating in and the potential risks involved
- - - - Procedure: Teacher - This is the participant, who is always given the role of the ‘teacher’. Their task was to read out questions and administer punishment in the form of electric shocks to the learner when they gave an incorrect response
        Experimenter - Their job is to insist that the “teacher continues to administer shocks” by using prods such as “The experiments requires you to continue”
        Learner - They do not really receive shocks even though the teacher sees them being strapped up to a shock generator
        
        Results: 65% of participants obeyed an authority figure to the extent that they potentially put someone's life at risk by doing so.
        
        Aim: To investigate whether participants would obey a legitimate authority figure and carry out actions that could cause severe pain to another person.
        
        Conclusion: In summary, the majority of participants did continue to obey authority to the point that they potentially put someone's life at risk
    - - Key Principles breached:
        
        Role of the experimenter
        -Though the research does give the participants ethically appropriate respect, They are not sufficiently protected and it therefore constitutes a breach in ethics.
        *Deception
        
        The participants were not informed of the true nature of the experiment, though it is done to avoid influencing the participants' responses.
  - - - An individual is also more likely to be obedient when the authority figure is perceived as being legitimate.
    - - An individual is also more likely to be obedient where there is little or no group support for resisting the authority figure.
- - - - The tendency to adjust ones thoughts, feelings or behaviours in ways that are in agreement with those of a particular group or individual or with social norms.
  - - - Aim- To see how participants react or how they act when their opinion or behaviour goes against a group.
      - Procedure- all of the people are confederates minus 1, the examiner asks multiple questions, for the first 3, and then random questions after that, they confederates answer correctly.
      - Results - It was found that 75% of all participants changed their answer, at least once, 33% of participants agreed with correct answers more than half of the time, however, 24% of participants did not conform at all.
      - Conclusion - It was concluded that most people (75%) when in a group would conform to a wrong answer, even if they knew the correct answer, at least once in the test.
    - - Role of experimenter - as he didn't care to the stress that could have been placed on the participants
        
        Deception: As the experimenter did not tell the participant about the true purpose about the test, and lied to keep fair results.
  - - - occurs when our response in a group situation is guided by one or more social norms
    - - individualist countries have lower conformity whereas Africa, Fiji and Asia have a higher conformity.,
    - - the loss of individuality, or the sense of anonymity, that can occur in a group situation