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Imagined Borders in Cyberspace (Borders Defined through Nation-State…
Imagined Borders in Cyberspace
Borders Defined by Ideology
CASTELLS: Modern space is one of flows, where the traffic between different kinds of networks constitutes a new relation between social practices and geography (Gotved 468)
Content Level: Digital Data (Zekos 5)
Mapping Conversation and Community (Kitchin 59)
people-centered geovisualizations for social cyberspace
email, mail-lists, list servers, bulletin boards, chat rooms, and multi-user domains
helps users comprehend the communal spaces they are inhabiting virtually
"Political borders are not defined by how close one group is to another in a particular hierarchy or domain, but rather how close they tend to be by the definition of their topics or the nature of their discourse" (Giese 157)
Territory: intellectually constructed by based on interest in topic (Giese 159)
presence equates to participation
"lurking": observing without participating
Membership involves posting or responding to threads that are of core interest to members (163)
Border's Defined by Relation to the Physical World
GIDDENS: Space is geographical relation and physical manifestation (Gotved 468)
Location of Software and Hardware (Gotved 479)
Physical Level: Material objects -- wires, phones, satellites, computers, etc (Zekos 5)
Geolocation technology: map internet users to real-world locations (Zekos 11)
Mapping Infrastructure and Traffic (Kitchin 59)
location of internet infrastructre
demographics of users
type flow and paths of data between locales and within media
Ability for cyberspace to expand dependent on the network infrastructure (Giese 158)
Borders Defined through Nation-State Framework
Internet created by and for government (Lewis 56)
Nations rarely authenticate or inspect in-transit traffic (Lewis 62)
"Sovereignty in cyberspace is not ambiguous, but the perception that it is so allows us to evade thorny issues" (Lewis 62)
Sovereign Nation-State
: entity whose sovereignty jointly derives from the sole jurisdiction to make laws for its people and its freedom from the coercive authority of any other nation-state" (Zekos 3)*
"Objective territoriality principle": the acts in question begins in a different nation but conclude within the territory of the nation in question (Zekos 4)
Logical Level: Open protocols governing the exchange of data across networks (Zekos 5)
Nation both a participant and a regulator (Zekos 7)
Ambiguity considering jurisdiction over databases or hard drives locates in foreign countries (Zekos 8)
Less ambiguity if illegal actions are directed at other nations
"Principle of Territoriality": jurisdiction based on acts that have been committed within the territory of the nation in question (Zekos 11)
Ideological occupation of cyberspace not so distinct from colonial settler occupation (Giese 158)
The Absence of Borders
Cyberspace as a global commons (Lewis 55)
Technology evolve faster than government ability to intervene (Lewis 55)
National borders less relevant due to technology and global economy (Lewis 56)
"open and non-hierarchical, as well as somewhat anti authoritarian and anti-government" (Lewis 59)
"A-territorial": the effects of actions taken in cyberspace are evidently perceptible within the territory of each nation that might want to regulate those actions (Zekos 10)
Electronic networking severs link between real-world location and a single sovereign authority (Zekos 12)
No indispensable connection between a cyberspace address and a physical locations (Zekos 10)
Universal Cyber-Jurisdiction (Zekos 17)
Supranational jurisdiction involving all who are affected by a given cyber action
Why do we care about borders in Cyberspace?
Benedict Anderson's Insider-Outsider
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Borders necessary to create a community (Gotved 479)
"It is imagination, in its collective forms, that creates ideas of neighborhood and nationhood" (Appadurai, 7)
Cyberspace Defined in Geographic Metaphors (Giese 155)
Spatiality as an organizing principle for our thoughts (Gotved 476)
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Idea of borders illicit government obligation to provide security (Lewis 58)
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Cyberspace control consequential for real-space (Zekos 6)
Defining Terminology
Cyberspace: the virtual space and place created by the operation of the Internet, a network of computers that share information with each other and with all other electronic networking via different electronic devices" (Zekos 3)
Coined by William Gibson in 1984 (Giese 155)
Cybergeography
: the study of the nature of the Internet through the spatial perspectives of geography and cartography* (Kitchin 59)