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English Language - Spoken Language (Sentence Types (Exclamative -…
English Language - Spoken Language
Features of conversation
Adjacency Pairs
- two utterances where the first utterance gets an expected response (eg-question/answer)
Back Channelling:
non-verbal utterance to show attention or agreement (eg: mmm, yeah, ok)
Deictic expressions
- eg: this, that, here, there
Pragmatic Markers:
eg: - you know, well, yeah
False starts/repairs
- a speaker will start to speak, pause, then recommence.
Hedging
- a strategy used to avoid being direct - eg: kind of, maybe, perhaps, will, could, might (modal verbs.)
Non-fluency features:
Pauses, hesitations and repetitions that occur in spontaneous speech
Tag questions
- when a statement has a question tagged onto the end, used to encourage conversation : eg: You did really well, didn't you?
Accommodation Theory: Giles
Convergence
- matching your speech to the person you're speaking to - upwards and downwards
Divergence
- making your speech more different to the person you're addressing
Sentence Types
Exclamative
- Sentences that follow with a exclamation mark at the end
Interrogative
- Sentences that pose a question/interrogate.
Declarative
- a normal statement
Imperative
- a sentence that makes a order (starts with a verb)
Adjectival premodification
- adjective comes before noun.. Postmodification - adjective comes after noun.
Prosodics
- features such as pitch, volume, tempo.
Paralinguistics-
features such as laughing, body language, gestures, facial expressions.