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Phonetics, phonology and prosody (Consonant sounds (Factors affecting the…

- - - - The British phonemic alphabet, which is based on Received Pronunciation, is used to transcribe these sounds
        
        Different languages and varieties of English have different phonological systems; speakers adapt when they move from one to another, and there is an international variant of the phonemic alphabet called IPA (International Phonemic Alphabet) which enables comparisons to be made between the phonological systems of one language and another.
        
        Having a phonemic alphabet is important as there is no straightforward connection between the (approximately) 44 sounds of English and the 26 letters of the English alphabet: the same symbols can produce very different sounds depending on how they are combined or pronounced. Therefore, the phonemic alphabet allows for a standardised way of representing these sounds.
        
        Some writers such as literary authors, writers of comics, and users of new communication tools will try to suggest sounds by manipulating the conventional written alphabet rather than using the phonemic one
  - - - Lexical onomatopoeia is where the sound of a word draws similarities with a real event or action such as ‘crash’ or ‘bang’
      - Non-lexical onomatopoeia also does this but instead draws upon a sound or cluster of sounds that are not lexical items, for example ‘vrrooom’ and ‘grrr’
      - frequently employed in digital communications (for example, non-standard lexemes like ‘pleaseeeeeee’ and ‘nooooo’ appear often in chat-rooms and forum feeds)
        
        also in advertising, such as product brand names like 'Silvikrin', 'Supersoft', 'Monster Munch' and 'Crunchie'
        
        and in literature, particularly in the poetry of WW1, where poets like Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen relied heavily on the use of such features to describe the harsh reality of the battlefield