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The UK's evolving human landscape Topic 5, GCSE Geography (Definitions…

- - - - Conurbation: Greater London
      - Pop of con: 11m
      - Wider Core Region: London region
      - Pop of city: 8.6m
    - - Pop of city: 515,000
      - Conurbation: Greater Manchester
      - Pop of con: 2.5m
      - Wider Core Region: South Lancashire and Cheshire
    - - Pop of city: 1m
      - Conurbation: Greater Birmingham
      - Pop of con: 2.45m
      - Wider Core Region: West Midlands
    - - Conurbation: Leeds-Bradford
      - Pop of con: 2.3m
      - Pop of city: 44,000
      - Wider Core Region: West Yorkshire
    - - Pop of city: 314,000
      - Conurbation: Nottingham-Derby
      - Pop of con: 1.54m
      - Wider Core Region: East Midlands
    - - Conurbation: Merseyside
      - Pop of con: 1.4m
      - Pop of city: 550,000
      - Wider Core Region: South Lancashire
    - - Conurbation: Glasgow and Clydeside
      - Pop of con: 1.2m
      - Pop of city: 600,000
      - Wider Core Region: Central Lowlands of Scotland
    - - Pop of city: 290,000
      - Conurbation: Tyneside
      - Pop of con: 1.7m
      - Wider Core Region: Tyne and Wear
    - - Pop of city: 564,000
      - Conurbation: Sheffield-Rotherham
      - Pop of con: 1.6m
      - Wider Core Region: South Yorkshire
    - - Pop of city: 255,000
      - Conurbation: Southampton-Portsmouth
      - Pop of con: 1.55m
      - Wider Core Region: South Hampshire
- - - - Start-up costs
      - Reduced taxes on profit
      - Access to superfast broadband
    - - UK government helps
      - Most in urban locations
      - Only 24!
  - - - Avaliable all over UK
      - Funds are tiny: Investors need to raise 5.5x of any government grant
      - Includes advice
      - Targeted at peripheral areas mostly
  - - - Helps regions w/ GDP is below 75% EU average
      - Only 2 regions qualified in 2015: Cornwall & W, N Wales
  - - - Scotland invested into Borders Railway bet. Edinburgh & Tweedbank
      - No motorways in Cornwall, N.Wales & Scottish Highlands
      - A9 to become dual-carriageway
      - Most investment in England's urban core i.e. HS2
      - Cuts to government budget
- - - - 2014: 318,000 long term immigrants
      - Most were working youth 18-35
      - Caused by...
        
        EU membership
        
        Globalisation
    - - Older women born in 70s choose to have kids after dealing w/ careers
      - Overseas born women in UK w/ higher birth rate
      - More women in 20s want kids earlier, because of reduced employment prospects after 2008 recession
  - - - International
        
        Unskilled
        
        Easy cheap work to do
        
        Come from EU, also India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and W.Africa
        
        Skilled
        
        Well-paid in knowledge economy
        
        White, highly qual from USA, EU, S.Africa and Aus
      - 21-35 yrs old
      - Internal
        
        Recent uni grads
    - - Help defend against discrimination
      - Support ethnic shops and services
      - Preserve cultural distinctiveness
    - - Lambeth
        
        Housing: 44% Own; 20% Rent priv.; 34% Rent soc.
        
        Services: 81% from ethnic bg; 140 lang; ESOL for 1/2 pupils
        
        Culture: Varies from Black Caribbean to White Middle Class
        
        Income: Average income
        
        Ethnicity: Diverse - (38% born outside UK from 152 countries); 25% Black; 55% White; 8% Asian
      - Newham
        
        Housing: Mostly rented - 32% Own; 35% Rent priv.; 32% Rent soc.
        
        Services: Schools under pressure; social services too
        
        Culture: Mainly Asian
        
        Income: Low income areas
        
        Ethnicity: Most diverse - 30% White; 26% Black Car/ African; 39% Asian
      - Richmond upon Thames
        
        Housing: 69% Own; 16% Rent priv.; 15% Rent soc. - affluent area
        
        Services: Less pressure 'cause less pupils; high amount in care homes
        
        Income: Very high - 69% prof or management jobs; av. £41,000 (double av income)
        
        Culture: Predominantly White Middle Class
        
        Ethnicity: Least diverse in UK - 85% White; 7% Asian/Asian British - many born overseas in EU/USA
- - - - Background Info
        
        In Rotherham, South Yorkshire
        
        10,000 people
      - Past
        
        Yorkshire coalfield's biggest collieries 'till '92
        
        Full time jobs
        
        Well paid jobs
      - Present
        
        Buisness park instead of colliery band
        
        New buisness park w/ 1700 new jobs
        
        Working in Dinnington now
        
        Need to commute to get to work
        
        Few adv jobs were actually in Din.
        
        Most were temporary jobs
        
        Most jobs were full-time, with some part-time
        
        Low wage work i.e. care workers
        
        Skilled workers had little above the average wage
    - - Background Info
        
        Early and late hours to trade internationally
        
        4x average wage of £100,000
      - Companies
        
        HSBC
        
        JP Morgan
      - Knowledge economy jobs
        
        Banking
        
        Law
        
        Insurance
        
        IT
        
        Creative Industries
    - - Methods
        
        Teleworking
      - Flexibility
        
        I.e. musicians flexibly record entire albums at home
        
        Using IT to work anywhere, anytime
        
        Work w/ collegues elsewhere
        
        Avoid paying for expensive spaces
      - Adv and DisAdv
        
        Better health; more breaks during day
        
        No communting = less stress and congestion
        
        Less absent/sick leave
        
        Parents work home, saving child-care money
        
        Suits disabled people
        
        Allows variable hours
        
        Better productivity
        
        Isolation
        
        Difficult to motivate & organise
        
        Never disappering work
  - - - Derelict land now in use
      - Expensive housing
      - New transport links
      - Pop growth faster than house building
      - Oversea investors buy but leave land vacant
- - - - Sheffield steel for specialised markets i.e. arms
      - Transport companies i.e. Transport companies
      - Largest car factory: Nissan in Sunderland
      - Call centres
  - - - E.g: Delivery firms, retail parks, shopping centres
      - Adv: Local papers
      - Sector: Tertiary
      - Location: Outskirts of towns for cheap land/ labour
      - Case Studies: Dinnington/ retail centres
      - Qualifications: Mostly unskilled, few qual. needed
      - Hours: 1/4 is part-time; mostly temporary for few weeks /months
      - Earnings: Minimum wage+
      - Employee mix: Even gender balance, majority women
    - - Adv: Global adv
      - Location: Where there's highly skilled/qual staff, good IT & Broadband
      - E.g: Global banking and law
      - Qualifications: Degree + training
      - Sector: Quaternary
      - Hours: Mostly full-time w/ contract jobs
      - Case Studies: Canary Wharf
      - Earnings: High salaries + bonuses; possible 6 figure
      - Employess mix: Mostly male, esp. in banks/ property companies
- - - - 2nd largest int airport in Heathrow
      - Largest air 'hub'
      - Eurostar connection to European cities
    - - UK's fastest rail links London w/ other major cities
      - Manchester/Birmingham - 3 fast services per hr
      - HS2 planned
    - - Most major A roads lead to London
      - Radial network of roads - A/M1 is North then clockwise numbering
  - - - Oldest part of city
      - Most densely built
      - Multiple CBD's where radial roads intersect
    - - Housing w/gardens
      - Some industry
    - - Industrial Rev saw factories and terraced housing
      - High income suburbs developed
      - Very varied
        
        Most expensive suburbs in Kensington
        
        Hackney is old factories and new flats
  - - - '81 - Docks close
      - Reliant industries moved
      - Unemployment rates >60% w/ depopulation
    - - Moving further out the city
      - Underground opening in 1863 supported this growth
      - Electrification of '20s surface rail supported this growth
    - - Out of town shopping centres i.e. Croydon Whitgift Centre
      - Retail parks close to radial roads i.e Kew Retail Park
      - Buisness parks i.e. Stockley Park near London Heathrow
    - - Westfield in Stratford and Shepherd's Bush/White City
  - - - Same amount of people use more space 'cause of gardens
    - - Fallen; low fertility rates, 3x fallen
    - - Conorbations caused this
    - - Single for longer - need more homes
    - - Investment: Large TNCs create jobs; lots of HQs here
      - Gentrification: Affleunt epeople live closer to work i.e. Fulham
      - Space: Docks/industries closed make way for regen projects on brownfield sites
      - Studentification: Cities full of uni students
      - Since '91
  - - - Can affordable houses be cheap to run by being energy efficient?
        
        BedZED - Zero Energy Developement
        
        ONLY 1 project so far
    - - Can you do it outside the office?
        
        Work at home 1-2 days per week
        
        HOWEVER there are limitations
        
        Flexible hours allow off-peak times travelling
    - - Longer commutes required = longer journies
        
        Limit for this is £60,000
        
        Min wage workers squeezed out by those earning more, yet qualified
        
        'First Steps' programme - buy some property, rent the rest
    - - Should it be protected?
        
        Loss of farmland is possible
        
        Loss of rural scenery possible
        
        Could it be protected w/ more housing needed?
    - - Can we control our waste?
        
        2020 plan of 10% :arrow_down: of household waste
        
        Providing accessible points
        
        Reusing waste
        
        More recycling bins
        
        Waste burning stations to also give energy
    - - How to sustainably? Car ISN'T answer
        
        Congestion & T-charge
        
        Increase in bus passegers
        
        Hybrid transport
        
        Electric Vehicle points
- - - - General Health
        
        % w/ ltd long illness
        
        :new: 12.3
        :moneybag: 7.6
        
        Premature deaths (bf 65, per 100,000)
        
        :new: 210
        :moneybag: 121
        
        Infant Mortality
        
        :new: 5.5
        :moneybag: 2.75
      - Education
        
        % of 19yr w/o qual
        
        :new: 41
        :moneybag: 37
        
        % 5-16yr w/ free school meals
        
        :new: 20
        :moneybag: 8.4
        
        % of 16yr w/o 5 A*-C in 2012
        
        :new: 62
        :moneybag: 63
        
        % adults educated to degree level
        
        :new: 26
        :moneybag: 64
  - - - Income
        
        People on LOW incomes
      - Employment
        
        UNABLE to work through unemployment/sickness/disability
      - Health & Disability
        
        People in POOR physical/mental health
      - Edu skills & training
        
        People w/ LOW edu. attainment
      - Housing & Services
        
        AFFORDABILITY of housing and within reach of services
      - Crime
        
        People affected by CRIME
      - Living Environment
        
        Living in SUBSTANDARD housing - i.e. lack of heating
      - AREAS
        
        Newham
        
        High
        
        High
        
        High
        
        Low
        
        Very High
        Low
        
        High
        
        High
        
        Cornwall
        
        Low
        
        Very high
        
        Low
        
        Very low
        
        Medium
        
        Very high
        
        Low
- - - - 5min drive to A12, links LON and Colchester
      - Chelmsford 7miles away
      - Railway 5mins away than trains take 45min to LON
  - - - Regular weekly spending of said emplotyees
      - Employee had grants
    - - £9 per sq ft v £90 C.London
      - Very accessible
      - 3km from Exeter Airport - daily London flights + Europe
      - 42 train services to London - quickest is 2hrs
      - 0.5km from J29 M5
    - - Population change is drastic
      - AONB 2/3 of Devon - hard to get permissions
      - Average income is 10% < UK Average (£405 a week)
      - Housing only 3% cheaper than average
      - Pressure on leisure and recreation
  - - - Barely any knowledge economy
      - Employment is seasonal
      - No large pop centres
      - Long county - 140km w/ no motorway
    - - Fishing
        
        Serious decline 'cause of overfishing
      - China clay quarrying
        
        World's best china clay
        
        Owned by French TNC
        
        Ugly wasteland left behind
      - Farming
        
        Dairy cattle fallen by 60% since 2000
      - Tin Mining
        
        Hard to mine
        
        Needs high global price
        
        Last mine shut in '98
    - - 38% of villages have GP; open 1 day per week
      - Buses serve 70% of village 3-4x day
      - Truro :hospital: is 30miles away for most of W.Cornwall - dif bet life and death
      - 30 miles to travel to nearest education or training
    - - 13m visits
      - Opened 2001
      - £1bn extra to local economy
      - Employed 700 + 3000 ext jobs
      - Problems
        
        Sustainable aims fallen short
        
        Visitor numbers fallen
    - - Farming helps employ local people
      - Tourism includes using local areas and transforming them