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Sexual Reproduction (1.Pollination ((Copious flowers, Sweet nectar, Petals…

- - - - Rootstock
      - Rhizome
- - - - 'Winged' fruits
        
        Wing like out growths from ovary walls, or leaf like structures, causing the fruit to spin as it falls from the ground. delay in fall lets the wind carry seed further.
      - 'Parachute' fruits and seeds
        
        Feathery hair projects from ovary so seed floats in air long distance eg: Dandelion
      - "explosive' fruits
        
        The pods dry in the sun creates tension in the tough fibres. the fruit pod splits in half exposing the seeds.eg: pea family, lupin
    - - Birds, mammas and succulent fruits
        
        black berry, cranberry, are eaten by birds and the pips are not digested when they pass out their droppings.
      - Mammals and hooked fruits
        
        hooks form around floresence , catches in animal fur later to fall on the ground as animal moves about.
- - - - The fertilised ovule develops into a seed
        
        Male and female egg cell meet
        
        their nuclei fuse
        
        the fertilized egg cell divided many times
        
        and forms an embryo
        
        which grows into a new individual
        
        After fertilisation the female parts of the flower develop into a fruit:
        the ovules become seeds
        the rest of the carpel becomes the fruit
        
        Fruit is a fertilized ovary**
- - - - there is variation in the range of temperatures at which different plant species germinate. it occurs rapidly between 40C-45C. above the enzymes gets denatured and seedling killed
    - - most do not require light with few exceptions needing light exposure to germinate.
    - - early stages of germination is anerobic, once water enters and splits the testa allowing oxygen in. the oxygen is used for aerobic respiration to start chemical changes for cell growth.
    - - some seeds do not germinate utill the next season after falling from trees. there is internal control which prevents instant germination wven if conditions are ripe. seeds are said to be Dormant. it delays the period of germination so deedlings are not exposed to adverse environments.(before spring or summer)