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Chapter 8: Learning and Thought
Chapter 8: Learning and Thought
Interactionist Theories: both biology and experience make important contribution to the development of language
Emergenist Theories: neural circuits supporting language are not prewired but emerge
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU): the average length of youngsters' spoken statements (measured in morphemes)
Language is symbolic, generative, and structured
Phonemes: the smallest speech units in a language that can be distinguished perceptually
eg sounds
Morphemes: the smallest units of meaning in a language/ basic words
Semantics: the area of language concerned with understanding the meaning of words and word combinations
Syntax: a system of rules that specify how words can be arranged
Fast mapping: The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure
Overextension: when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to
eg calling all round things a ball
Underextension: when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to
e.g. uses the word doll for only one specific favorite doll
Telegraphic Speech: mainly content words: articles, prepositions & other less critical words
Language: symbols that carry meaning, plus rules for combining these symbols, that can be used to generate an infinite variety of messages
Overregularizations: when grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized irregular cases where they do not apply
Metalinguistic awareness: the ability to reflect on the use of language
bilingualism: the acquisition of two languages that use different speech sounds, vocab, and grammar rules
Easier to learn new languages when bilingual
Behaviorist Theories: Skinner; argued children learn language the same way they learn everything else; children contrsuct sentences through imitation
Nativist Theories: Chomsky; human learn language because they are biologically equipped to do so; humans are equipped with a LAD
Language Acquisition Device (LAD): an innate mechanism process that facilitates the learning of language
Cognition: refers broadly to mental processes or thinking
Linguistic Relativity: the hypothesis that one's language determines the nature of one's thought
Problem solving: active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily attainable
Insight: when people suddenly discover the correct solution to a problem after struggling with it for a while
Functional Fixedness: