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Karl Popper (General (Poppers primary aim was to understand science. The…
Karl Popper
General
Poppers primary aim was to understand science. The differences between scientific theories and non-scientific theories. Pseudo-science is non-scientific (Marx etc).
Popper like Hume, was an inductive skeptic, and Popper was skeptical about all forms of confirmation and support other than deductive logic itself
Short summary of how testing in science proceeds: we take a theory someone has proposed, and we deduce an observational prediction from it. Then we check to see if the prediction comes out as the theory says. If the prediction fails -> refutation/falsified. If the prediction come out as predicted -> all we can say is that we have not yet falsified the theory. The theory might be true, but we cant say more than that.
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Popper on scientific change (where he also used the idea of falsification to propose a theory of scientific change)
Science changes via two-step cycle that repeats endlessly (how we see science, and what is described as good scientific behaviour)
Step 1: conjecture - a scientists will offer a hypothesis (a good one that takes risks by making novel predictions)
Step 2: attempted refutation - the hypothesis is subject fro critical testing, to attempt to falsify it. Once it is refuted we go back to stage 1 (where it is natural to propose conjectures that have some form of relation to the previous one). And thats how it goes.
:red_cross:FORBIDDEN (!): react to falsification of one conjecture by cooking up a new conjecture to save the hypothesis. Ad Hoc.
For Popper, a great scientist :star: is someone who combines two features: 1) come up with imaginative, creative and risky ideas. 2) hard headed willingness to subject these imaginative ideas to critical testing. Imaginative and critical!