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Ageing Issues and Policy (cont.) (Death & Dying (Good death in Chinese…
Ageing Issues and Policy (cont.)
Gender
Gender & Income (Novak, 2012)
older women have 58% of older men only
women usually work for part-time or temporary job
feminization of poverty
women 46.3%, men 30% rely on social security of income
more men than women got retirement benefits
rely on husband's pension in old ages
women became poor when they became widow
more women in the future will have their own pension and social security benefits
Gender & Leisure (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2011)
women have less leisure time in the later life
women do more household work task than men and take in the role of caregiver
20% of men did house work as 49% women did house work
women spend more than twice as much time on child care
men prefer sports activities and competitions while women prefer dance and aerobics
16% of men and 11% of women over 75YO engage regular leisure-time strenthening activity
decreasing elders activity is due to medical reasons and absence of an exercise companion and no interest
lower mortality for women who took part i organization activities and study circle
lower mortality risk for more leisure activities in a women
men: lower mortality for gardening and hobbies
Gender Role
sons get involved in care primarily in the absence of a female caregiver
sons compare to daughters, less involved parents' emotional needs and routine of household work
male caregiver rely more on formal help for their caregiver
men favor a more administrative, managerial role; women give emotional support and personal care
older men more often get care from a spouse
husband often bring problem-solving strategies from work role to care role
men took problem-solving approach to unpleasant tasks like toileting; women took a more empathic approach to their work as nurturing
"cross gender boundaries" in caregiving, i.e. men have to cook and women have to fix electronic devices
bathing and grooming: for women, an extension of familiar skills; for men, new and unfamiliar
Ordinances related to the elderly
The residential care homes (elderly)
purposes
to control residential homes
ensure acceptable standards
i.e.
X 潛建
消防設備、系統、Exits
Staff to Elderly ratio, Care-worker, Social Worker, Occupational Therapists, Physical Therapists
License
Usually 3 years
Temporary license: ard 1 year
Others
Social worker
nurses
supplement medical professions
personal data (privacy) ordinance
guardianship order 監護令
Death & Dying
Good death
spectrum of end-of-life-quality to peace, timeliness, awareness, acceptance, preparation, sense of completion
death is essentially social and communal phenomenon
diff culture express diff preference of death
4 principles of "good death" (Weisman, 1988)
awarenwss
acceptance
propriety
timeliness
patient's comfort
Good Death in Western Context (Ko, Cho, Perez, Yeo & Palomino, 2013)
no suffering
living life with faith
having time for closure with family
dying at home
a neutral death
Good death in Chinese Context (Leung, Liu, Cheng & Chen, 2009)
autonomy & choice
wish fulfillment
death preparation
spiritual support and afterlife
symptom control
death awareness
hope
Control (experiencing personal control)
Connectedness (Maintaining social relationship)
Preparation (preparing to depart)
Completion (Accepting the timing of one's death)
Death Anxiety(Harding, Flannelly, Weaver & Costa, 2005) (WU,Tang, Kwok,2002)
negative
pain in dying
sight of the death body
having terminal illness
the finiteness of time
Kubler- ross five stages of death and dying
Denial :arrow_right: Anger :arrow_right: Bargaining :arrow_right: depression :arrow_right: acceptance
Lindemann's Theory - symptoms of grief
somatic distress
preoccupation with images of the deceased
feeling gulty
hostility reaction
loss of pattern of conduct
grief tasks
emancipation from bondage to the deceased
readjustment to a new environment in which the deceased is missing
formation of new relationship
special needs of dying elders
live the best, physical need, maintain sense of mastery, talk abt death, reminiscence, remain connections with f&f, brief counselling, practical needs
hospice care
預切醫療指示
Sexuality(Novak, 2012)
Two major reasons
Pleasure
Reproduction
Sexual issues
most people are interested in it
given healthier relationship to couple
attitude, health, widowhold
Older men are more likely to have sexual partner
widowhood or husband's decision to stop having sex often puts an end to women's sexual activities
intimate experience including touching/ holding hands/ embracing/ hugging could count as sexual activities