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Chapter 2: Iron Age Greece (Introduction (Smelting process is developed to…
Chapter 2: Iron Age Greece
Introduction
1050-750 Dark Age: 1200-776
Needed tin to make bronze, but collapse of civilization meant no more tin
Prehistory becomes history (written records uncovered)
1050: Restoration of Ancient Greek Society
Ceramics: show technological advances, mark increasing craftsmanship, trade. Flourishing of artistic skills
Smelting process is developed to extract iron (Cyprus)
Tempering an quenching work to prevent organization of particles, making it stronger than bronze
Administration is restored: City-states (polis) replaces palaces
Population growth: leads to colonization
776/750 : Olympiad, creating alphabet -> beginning of writing (Homer)
Pottery and Division of the Dark Ages(1200-776)
Each local community produces a distinct pottery style
Amphora: handle on both sides, for oil, wine, burials
Submycenaean(1200-1050)
No figural(nature/humans) art
2.Protogeometric(1050-900)
precedes geometric, symmetrical, quality is superior
new techniqueL compass, speed increased on potters wheel
Geometric (900-750)
Athens is centre; entire surface gets decorated
Return of figural art
Migrations (1200-1000 BC)
Don' t know motivations, main evidence is from different dialects
Theory: New group of Greek speakers enter mainland, pushing other Greeks out
Emergence of the Polis (1000-800 BC)
Greek society is no longer organized, thus the Polis emerges as a political unit
Cities had their own armies, navies, patron gods/goddesses
Theory: City-States were just the right size so that people who lived on the boundaries could still participate in events at Urban Centre
Urban Centre: the agora (“marketplace”), and a place for public worship (a sanctuary, crucially including a temple precinct, temple, statue)
Agricultural area which surrounded the polis
Local religious festival for patron god/goddess. March together in a procession, perform a sacrifice and then a communal feast
Emergence of Hero Cults (1000-800 BC)
Polis defined by worship of gods, but later by worship of human beings(prominent wealthy people who were large part of the community)
Lefkandi: location where sacrificial grave was found, in Heroon structure
Two burial plots: One contained a cremated man in an elaborate amphora, a woman buried with jewelry & goods, dagger at her head(sacrificed), 4 horses buried as sacrifice
The Age of Colonization
800: evidence greek cities sending citizens to colonize other locations
Migration vs. Colonization
Reason for people movement: unhappiness & collapse vs. economic opportunity & overcrowding
Olympic Games
Greeks coming into contact with foreigners made them think everyone else was barbaric, mainly due to contrast between beauty of languages , making them appreciate other Greeks
Olympia(northwest corner of Peloponnese)
Called a truce- no battle between city-states during Panhellenic religious festivals (Olympics)
In honour of gods: athletic competition, festival in honour of Zeus
Only male citizens allowed to compete (nude)
Hellenodikai: judges whose job it was to make sure only Greek males competed
The Invention of the Alphabet
Obtained characters from Pheonicians
Syllabary: da,de,di,do,du are all different characters
Alphabet: da, de, Only 24 letters
Pheonicians had given symbols to Greeksbut Greeks switched it up by making letters, not a syllabic system
Stoicheia: fundamental parts (elements) lmn