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water cycle revision notes (stores of water (oceans = 97%, polar ice and…
water cycle revision notes
interception loss:
rainwater stored temporarily on the leaves, stems and branches of vegetation. which is evaporated and does not reach the ground surface
ablation
- the melting of ice caps, glaciers forming liquid water
stemflow
- the flow of water along plant stems to the ground
soils infiltration capacity
clay soils
- have low infiltration rates & low throughfall rates but high runoff rates
sandy soils
- high infiltration rates, high throughfall & low runoff rates
saturation of soils
before rainfall
= more saturation due to more space (more infiltration rates)
during rainfall
= less saturation porous spaces are occupied = more runoff
rock permeability
rocks such as
chalk
= low infiltration rates = high runoff
rocks such as
sandstone
= even lower infiltration
rocks such as
granite
= no permeability = runoff rates are high
discharge definition
- discharge is the amount of water passing a certain point every second, measured in cubic meters per sec.
transpiration
- water from vegetation transpires through leaves and turns into water vapour
water surplus
- in winter times when precipitation rates are high = soils become saturated
water deficit
- in summer times when precipitation rates are lower meaning that soils are dry and unsaturated
soil condition in autumn
- soil moisture is used by plants = soils are unsaturated, high evaporation and low precipitation
perculation
- downward verticle movement of water within soils. = this water enters groundwater store
stores of water
oceans = 97%
polar ice and glaciers = 2%
groundwater (aquifers) = 0.7%
lakes = 0.01%
soils = 0.005%
atmosphere = 0.001%
rivers = 0.0001%
biosphere = 0.00004%