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Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity (Behavior Genetics (behavioral…

- - - - Sex
        
        biological aspect of maleness/femaleness based on chromosomes, genitalia, and hormones
        
        Gender
        
        includes social and cultural meanings that are associated with male and female roles
        
        nurture
        
        Gender Roles
        
        expectations of male/female behaviors
        
        Gender Identity
        
        one's sense of whether one is male and female
      - Differences
        
        Men and women are far more similar than they are different
        
        There is more variation within groups than between
        
        biological vulnerability, mental health, activity level, compliance/conformity, physical aggression
        
        What explains them?
        
        biological explanations, social learning theory, gender schemas, gender typing
- - - - patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyles shared by a group of people
      - part of our nature
      - there are variation within cultures too
      - every culture socializes children in ways deemed appropriate
      - Individualist cultures
        
        value independence and self-reliance, promotes competition, finding a unique identity
        
        the US
      - Collectivist Cultures
        
        value interdependence, promote collaboration, group goals, obligation
- - - - 40% heritability: mostly influenced by nurture
    - - identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins
      - twins raised together are more similar than twins raised apart
      - identical twins raised apart are more similar than fraternal twins raised together
      - key findings: adopted children seem to be more similar to genetic parents than their environmental parents, thus providing strong evidence for nature effects