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Plant Reproduction (Seed (and Fruit) Dispersal (Wind dispersal (Often the…
Plant Reproduction
Seed (and Fruit) Dispersal
The carrying of the seed as far as possible from the parent plant
Wind dispersal
Often the seeds are small and light
Large seeds have special devices so that the wind can carry them longer distances
Animal dispersal
Animals swallow the fruit (and seeds). The fruit is digested and the seeds are passed out some time later
Fruits and seeds stick to the animal and are carried away to fall of latter
Self dispersal
Usually involves the fruit bursting open when it is ripe
Seeds are flung away as far as possible
Water dispersal
Some fruits or seeds are able to float
Carried away by streams, rivers and ocean currents
Asexual reproduction
New individuals are formed from only one parent
Does not involve sex cells or gemetes
The offspring are identical to the parent
Examples
Runners
A method of asexual reproduction in plants
Form new roots and a new shoot
Fertilisation
The joining of the male and female gametes to form a zygote
Takes place in the base of the carpel
Results in the formation of a zygote
Seed structure
Once fertilisation is complete the ovule forms a seed
Each seed starts off as a zygote surrounded by a food supply
Embryo has two parts
The plume will form the future shoot of the plant
The radicle will form the future roots of the plant
Fruit
The ovary forms the fruit which surrounds and protects the seeds
If the ovary had any ovules then the fruit will contain many seeds
If the ovary contained only a single ovule then the fruit will contain a single seeds
Germination
The growth of a seed to form a new plant
Conditions necessary
Water
Oxygen
A suitable temperature
Main events
Food from the seed allows the root and shoot to grow
The root grows down into the soil
The shoot grows up into the air
Once the shoot emerges above the ground it forms green leaves and begins to make food for itself
Sexual reproduction
Two sex cells unite
Offspring are not identical
Pollination
The transfer of pollen from a stamen to a carpel
Agents
Wind
Wind blows pollen
Insect
Insect carries pollen to another flower
Sexual reproduction in plants
Functions
Petals
Protect the internal parts of the flower
Usually brightly coloured in order to attract insect to the flower
Carpel
Female part of the flower
Each carpel produces an egg cell
Nucleus of the egg is the female gemete
Some flowers have more than one carpel
Structure
Stigma
Is the place where pollen grains will land
Style
Connects the stigma to the overy
In some plants the style is very short
Ovary
Contains the stigma to the ovaules
Each ovule produced an egg
Stamen
Male part of the flower
Produces pollen grains
Nucleus in the pollen grain is the male gamete
Most flowers have a large number of stamens
Structure
Filament
Is a stalk that supports the anther
Ensures that the anthers are located high up in the flower, so that the pollen can leave the flower more easily
Anther
Makes pollen grains
Sepals
Protect the flower when it is a bud