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Chemistry :non-potable_water: (Rates of Reaction (Solids (Particles are…
Chemistry :non-potable_water:
Acids, Bases & Salts
Bases
A substance that reacts with acid to form a salt
Alkali
A base that is soluble and reacts to water to release OH- ions
Acids
A substance that reacts with water to form H+ ions
Salts
An ionic substance found when an acid reacts with a base
Solubility Rules (Salts in Water)
Soluble
Sodium, Potassium, Ammonium Salts (1)
Ethanoates (2)
Nitrates (3)
Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides (4)
Sulphates (5)
Exceptions
None (1)
None (2)
None (3)
Silver and Lead (4)
Barium and Lead (5)
Insoluble
Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides (a)
Exceptions
Sodium, Potassium and Ammonium (a)
Bonding
Covalent
Definition
The sharing of electrons to atttain a full electronic shell
Dot and cross diagrams are used to describe
Examples
F2
H2O
NH3
Cl2
CH4
O2
Molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces
Atoms held together by strong covalent bonds
Generally Two Non-Metals
Bonding and Physical Properties
Metallic
Copper
Covalent
Giant Covalent
Diamond
Simple Molecular
Graphite
Ionic
Diamond
Graphite
Giant Ionic
Isotopes
2
8
3
8
1
2
4
8
Atomic Structure
Consist of a central Nucleus
Contains Protons and Neutrons
Tiny compared to the size of the whole atom
Surrounded by electrons
Numbers
Atomic Number = Number Of Protons
Mass Number = Number Of Protons + Number Of Neutrons
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons
Number Of Neutrons
Mass Number - Atomic Number
Number Of Electrons
Atomic Number
Number Of Protons
Atomic Number
Structure
Salt
High
No
Yes
Yes
Ionic
Sugar
Low
No
Yes
No
Simple Molecular
Sand
High
No
No
No
Giant Covalent
Paraffin Wax
Low
No
No
No
Simple Molecular
Substance
Melting Point
Conducts Electricity
Soluble In Water?
Conducts In Solution?
Bonding/Structure
Rates of Reaction
Kinetic Theory
Collision Theory
Increasing the chance of particles reacting will also increase the rate of the reaction
Activation Energy
Reactions are more likely to happen between particles if you
Increase the frequency of reacting particles colliding with each other
Increase the energy they have when they collide
Diffusion
Particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Solids
Particles are packed very close together
Fixed volume, size and shape
Vibrate about fixed positions and have strong forces of attraction between them
Liquids
Close together but not as close as they are in solids
Move around in any direction
The forces of attraction between the particles are quite strong but not as strong as solids
Gas
Particles are very close apart
Moves around very quickly in all directions
Forces of attraction are very, very weak
The Effect Of Concentration
The rate of reaction decreased as the concentration of the acid decreased
As the temperature increases, the energy of the particles increase
'See Catalysts'
Speeds up the reaction
Collision Theory
Chemical reaction can only occur between particles when they collide
(Hit each other)