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Chemistry for Biology (STRUCTURE of MATTER (Elements (Atoms - smallest…

- - - - Bonding - to fill valence shell, atoms bond to other atoms
        
        Covalent bonding - electrons shared, pairs go around both atoms
        
        Ionic bonding - electrons given/taken causes ions
        
        Bonding forms Molecules - smallest particle of a compound with same properties as a compound
        
        Compounds- combinations of two or more elements, have different properties than component elements
      - Electrons
        
        In energy shells, no mass, negative charge
        
        valence electrons - on outermost shell, participate in bonding
        
        Octet rule, innermost shell fills w/2 electrons; other shells fill with 8
      - Neutrons
        
        In nucleus, have mass, no charge
      - Protons
        
        In nucleus, have mass, positive charge
- - - - Lipids
        
        Contain C, H, and O, no set ratio
        
        long term energy storage, steroid hormones, cell membranes, insulation
      - Proteins
        
        Contain C, H, O, and N
        
        structural part of animals, enzymes, fast acting hormones, immune system
      - Carbohydrates
        
        Contain C, H, and O; 2:1 ratio H to O
        
        short and medium term energy storage, structural part of plants, exoskeletons for arthropods
      - Nucleic acids
        
        Contain C, H, O, N and P
        
        genetic information storage and use - DNA, RNA
      - Hydrocarbons
        
        Contain C and H
        
        fossilized
      - Monomers vs. polymers. Monomers are small repeating molecular units that get joined to make complex molecules (polymers)
        
        Dehydration Synthesis, takes H from 1 monomer and OH from another monomer allow the 2 monomers to join and forms water
        
        Lipid monomers: glycerol, cholesterol, fatty acids
        
        saturated fatty acids (all C bonded w/single covalent bonds), not healthy
        
        unsaturated fatty acids (at least two Cs are double covalent bonded) healthy
        
        Protein monomers: amino acids
        
        All amino acids have an amine group and a carboxyl group
        
        The 20 amino acids are different because they all have different R groups
        
        Carbohydrate monomers: monosaccharides (simple sugar)
        
        Nucleic acid monomers: nucleotides
- - - - Polar - molecule. Each H shares an electron with O. Oxygen more attractive to the electrons in the molecule so they hang out there causing oxygen side to be negative and the hydrogen side to be positive
        
        high specific heat
        
        it takes a lot of heat energy to change the temperature of a body of water.
        
        capillary action
        
        the ability of water to move up a small diameter tube against the force of gravity.
        
        high heat of vaporization
        
        when water evaporates it absorbs a lot of heat energy, helping to cool the object it evaporates from.
        
        surface tension
        
        surface of a body of water will form a film on top because of cohesive properties.
        
        adhesion
        
        a substance ability to attract particles of different substances, explains water's solvent properties and part of capillary action
        
        cohesion
        
        a substance ability to attract particles of the same substance, explains surface tension, high heat of vaporization, high specific heat, ice being less dense than liquid water/ some of capillary action
        
        water as a solvent
        
        water will dissolve most polar and ionic substances
  - - - acid
        
        any substance that emits H+ ion when added to water
      - base
        
        any substance that emits OH- ions when added to water
      - water
        
        1 out of 10,000,000 water molecules ionizes into an OH- ion and a H+ ion; pH=7