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Levine 2001 (Evaluation (Psychology as a science: Collected quantitative…
Levine 2001
Evaluation
Psychology as a science: Collected quantitative data, manipulated IVs, but was a field experiment.
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Nurture/Situational explanations: Simpatia countries and countries with worse economic well being tended to help more
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Holism: Investigates 4 community variables: cultural values, economic well being, pace of life and population size
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Ethical considerations: No consent, not debriefed but no harm to participants
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Validity: Field experiment (high ecological/low internal), standardised (high internal), 23 countries/males and females (high population)
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Sampling bias: Males and females, no under 17s, no elderly, no physically disabled
Method
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All researchers were college age and dressed neatly/casually, were men and received instructions and training. They did not have to speak during the trials.
Dropped pen: Moderate walking pace (15 paces per 10 seconds) towards pedestrian, 10-15ft away from pedestrian the experimenter dropped the pen and continued walking. 214 men and 210 women were approached.
Injured leg: Walked with limp and leg brace, drops magazines 20ft away from pedestrian. 253 men and 240 women were approached.
Bling/crossing street: Worse dark glasses and carried white cane, trial was terminated after 60 seconds or after the light turned red and no one helped. 281 trials were conducted.
Sample
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<17s, physically disabled, elderly, people carrying packages were not approached
23 countries, including Brazil and Spain.
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Keywords
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Kin selection theory: Performing a behaviour that increases the likelihood of an individual's genetic relation surviving
Reciprocal altruism: An individual helps based on expectation that they will receive help in the future
Responsibility - prosocial value orientation: A strong influence based on helping behaviour/a feeling and belief in ones responsibility to help.
Simpatia: A cultural value particularly associated with Spanish and Latin American societies. It is defined by concern for the well-being of others, with an obligation to be friendly, polite and helpful
Results
100% blind trials received help in Brazil, only 54% in Malaysia.
80% injured leg trials received help in Brazil, 28% in USA
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Variables
IVs: Dropped pen, Injured leg/dropped magazines, Blind/trying to cross street
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