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Piliavin 1969 (Evaluation (Psychology as a science: No equipment, field…
Piliavin 1969
Evaluation
Psychology as a science: No equipment, field experiment, no hypothesis, standardised procedure, quantitative and qualitative data
Usefulness/applications: Shows reasons for helping/not helping by reducing costs, more help will be received
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Determinism/Free will: 95% of ill victims were helped, but 5% weren't helped
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Ethics: No consent, not debriefed, no harm to participants, confidential
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Validity: Field experiment (high ecological/low internal), males and females (high population), Only from New York/part-time/unemployed (low population)
Sampling bias/ethnocentrism: Males and females, only from New York, only part-time/unemployed
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Results
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77% received help (95% ill, 50% drunk)
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Median seconds for help: 5 seconds for ill, 109 seconds for drunk
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As group size increased, help also increased (couldn't leave the situation for 7.5 minutes)
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Method
103 trials (38 drunk, 65 ill)
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Victim staggers forward and collapses 70 seconds in to the train journey. There is still 7.5 minutes till the next stop.
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Observers
1: Makes notes of race, sex, location of all helpers and all passengers in critical area, and comments from nearby passengers
2: Makes notes of race, sex, location of all in adjacent area, time taken for first helper, and comments of nearby passengers
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Keywords
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Pluralistic ignorance: If bystanders don't react, nor will you
Diffusion of responsibility: The more bystanders, the less likely help will be offered
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Background
Kitty Genovese's murder: Over 30 people witnessed the attack but no one helped/called the police and she bled to death
Latane and Darley: When alone, 75% reacted to the smoke filled room. With 2+ people who did't react, only 38% reacted to the smoke filled room
Latane and Darley: 85% assisted when they were the only person who heard the choking on the intercom. Only 30% assisted when 2+ heard the choking.
Variables
IVs: Type of victim (ill/drunk), Race of victim (black/white), Models (no model/late model/early model), Number of people in carriage (quasi)
DVs: Number of helpers (nominal), Time taken for help (interval), Race of helper (nominal), Comments made (qualitative), Gender of helper (nominal), Location of helper (nominal)