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BELL'S PALSY (COMPLICATIONS (Eye drying, Crocodile Tears,…

- - - - Lack of nerve impulses to the lower motor neuron
        
        Facial neuropathy
        
        Paralysis in half of face
  - - - Connections
        
        Axo-axonic
        
        Axo-somatic
        
        Axo-dendritic
      - Signals
        
        Chemical
        
        Electrical
      - Symmetry
        
        Symmetric
        
        Inhibitory
        
        Assymmetric
        
        Excitory
    - - Pathway
        
        Saltatory
        
        Continuous
      - Channels
        
        voltage-gated
        
        Sodium pumps
        
        Potassium pumps
      - Stages
        
        Repolarization
        
        Hyperpolarization
        
        Depolarization
  - - - Motor
        
        VIII. Auditory Nerve
        
        Originates from the grooves between pons and medulla
        
        Passes through the internal acoustic meatus, diving into cochlear and vestibular nerves
        
        Responsible for hearing, equillibrium, and motion
        
        IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
        
        Originates from the motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
        
        Exits from the cranium via jugular foramina
        
        VII. Facial Nerve
        
        Originates from the motor nuclei of pons
        
        Somatic
        
        Muscles of facial expression
        
        Visceral
        
        Lacrimal (tear gland, nasal mucous glands, submandibular and subligual salivary glands
        
        X. Vagus Nerve
        
        Originates from the motor nuclei in medulla oblongata
        
        Passes through the jugular foramina, between occipital bone and temporal bone
        
        Responsible for the motor functions in the thorax and abdomen
        
        VI. Abducent Nerve
        
        Originates from the pons
        
        Passes through the superior orbital fissures of sphenoid
        
        Responsible for the movement of the eye
        
        XI. Spinal Accessory Nerve
        
        Originates from the motor nuclei of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata
        
        Exits through the jugular foramina
        
        Responsible for the motor functions of the neck and upper back
        
        IV. Trochlear Nerve
        
        Responsible for the movement of the eye
        
        Originates from the long intracranial course
        
        Passes through the superior orbital fissure
        
        XII. Hypoglossal Nerve
        
        Originates from the motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
        
        Passes through the hypoglossal canals of the occipital bone
        
        Responsible for the movement of the tongue
        
        III. Oculomotor Nerve
        
        Originates from the ventral surface of midbrain/brainstem
        
        Passes through the superior orbital fissures of sphenoid, divifing into inferior and superior branches
        
        Responsible for the movement of the eye
      - Sensory
        
        V. Trigeminal Nerve
        
        Maxillary
        
        Originates from the lower eyelid, upper lip, gum and teeth, cheek, nose, palate, and pharynx
        
        Passes through the foramen rotundum
        
        Mandibular
        
        Originates from the lower gums, teeth, lips, palate, and tongue
        
        Passes through the foramen ovale
        
        Opthalmic
        
        Originates from the orbital structures, cornea nasal cavity, skin of forehead, upper eyelid, eyebrow, and nose
        
        Passes through superior orbital fissure
        
        VII. Facial Nerve
        
        Originates from the taste receptors on the anterior of 2/3 of tongue
        
        Passes through internal acoustic meatus to canals, leading to stylomastoid foramina
        
        IX. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
        
        Exits from the cranium via jugular foramina
        
        Origins from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, part of pharynx and palate, and carotid arteries of the neck
        
        I. Olfactory
        
        Responsible for sensing smell
        
        Passes through the foramina in the cribiform plate of the ethmoid
        
        Originates from the olfactory epithelium, in the roof of the nasal cavity
        
        X. Vagus Nerve
        
        Responsible for the sensory function in the thorax and abdome
        
        Originates from pharynx, auricle and external acoustic meatus, diaphragm, and cisveral organs in throcic and abdominopelvic cavities
        
        Passes through the jugular foramina, between occipital bone and temporal bone
        
        II. Optic Nerve
        
        Responsible for the vision sensory
        
        Originates from the ganglion cells
        
        Passes through the optic canals of sphenoid
    - - Characteristics
        
        Layers
        
        Perineurium
        
        Endoneurium
        
        Epineurium
        
        Fibers
        
        Afferent
        
        Efferent
        
        Roots
        
        Anterior
        
        Posterior
      - Nerve Plexus
        
        Major Brachial Nerves
        
        Radial
        
        C5-T1
        
        Distributed through the extensors of the arm and forearm
        
        Median
        
        C6-T1
        
        Distributed to the flexor muscles on the forearm, pronator quadratus and pronator teres muscles, digital flexors, and sensory from the skin over the anterolateral surface of the hand
        
        Musculocutaneous
        
        C5-T1
        
        Distributed through the flexor muscles on the arm, and sensory skin from over the lateral surface of the forearm
        
        Ulnar
        
        C8-T1
        
        Distributed through the flexors of carpi ulnaris, digitorum profundus, adductor policis, and small digital muscles, as well as the sensory from the skin over medial surface of the hand
        
        Brachial Nerves
        
        Nerve to Subclavius
        
        C5-C6
        
        Distributed through the subclavius muscle
        
        Supracapular
        
        C5-C6
        
        Distributed through the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, and sensory from shoulder joint and scapula
        
        Dorsal Scapular
        
        Distributed through the rhomboid and levator scapulae muscles
        
        C5
        
        Pectoral
        
        C
        
        Distributed through the pectolaris muscles
        
        Axillary
        
        C5-C6
        
        Distributed through the deltoid and teres minor muscles
        
        Medial Antibrachial Cutaneous
        
        C8-T1
        
        Distributed through the sensory skin over the anterior and medical surface of the arm and forearm
        
        Long Thoracic
        
        C5-C7
        
        Distributed through the serratus anterior muscle
        
        Subscapular
        
        C5-C6
        
        Distributed through the subscapularis and teres major muscles
        
        Thoracodorsal
        
        C6-C8
        
        Distributed through the latissimus dorsi muscle
        
        Cervical
        
        Transverse Cervical
        
        C3-C4
        
        Distributed through the skin of the anterior triangle of the neck
        
        Ansa Cervicalis
        
        C1-C4
        
        Distributed through the five extrinsic laryngeal muscles, by CN XII
        
        Lesser Occipital
        
        C2
        
        Distributed through the skin of the neck and scalp posterior and superior to the ear
        
        Phrenic
        
        C3-C5
        
        Distributed through the diaphragm
        
        Great Auricular
        
        C2-C3
        
        Distributed through the skin over the posterior aspect of the ears and neck
        
        Supraviculars
        
        C3-C4
        
        Distributed to the skin of the neck
        
        Sachral
        
        Posterior Femoral Cutaneous
        
        S1-S2
        
        Distributed through the skin over perineum and posterior thigh and leg
        
        Sciatic
        
        L4-S3
        
        Distributed through the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and adductor magnus muscles, branches through tibial and fibular nerves
        
        Inferior Gluteal
        
        L4-S2
        
        Distributed through the gluteus maximus muscle
        
        Pudendal
        
        S2-S4
        
        Distributed through the muscles of the perineum, external skin of genitalia, bulbospongiosus, and ischiocavernosus muscles
        
        Superior Gluteal
        
        L4-S2
        
        Distributed through the gluteus minimus, gluteus medius, and tensor fasciae latae muscle
        
        Lumbar
        
        Genitofemoral
        
        L1-L2
        
        Distributed through the skin over the enteromedial thigh and portions of external genitalia
        
        Lateral Femoral Cutaneous
        
        L2-L3
        
        Distributed over the skin over the anterior, lateral, and posterior thigh
        
        Ilioingual
        
        Distributed through abdominal muscles, skin over superior, medial thigh and portions of external genitalia
        
        L1
        
        Femoral
        
        L2-L4
        
        Distributed through the quadriceps, sartorius, pectineus, and iliopsoas muscles, skin of the anteromedial thigh, and medial surface of the leg and foot
        
        Iliohypogastric
        
        T12-L1
        
        Distributed through the external and internal oblique and transverse abdominis muscles, and skin over the inferior abdomen and buttocks
        
        Obturator
        
        L2-L4
        
        Distributed through the gracilis and adductor magnus, brevis and longus muscles, and skin from the medial surface of the thigh
  - - - made up of
        
        Unipolar
        
        Bipolar
        
        Pseudouniipolar
      - Sensory Receptors
        
        Thermoreceptor
        
        Nociceptor
        
        Proprioceptor
        
        Chemoreceptor
        
        Mechanoreceptor
        
        Photoreceptor
    - - Autonomic Nervous System
        
        Parasympathetic
        
        Enteric Division
        
        Sympathetic
      - Somatic Nervous System
        
        Skeletal muscles
- - - - ex. Acyclovir
    - - ex. Prednisone
  - - - Facial Rehabillitation
      - Physical
    - - Cosmetic
      - Decompressions
- - - - Varicella-Zoster Virus
      - Herpes Simplex Virus
    - - Osteosarcoma
      - Facial neuroma
      - Warthin's tumor
    - - In the temporal bone
- - - - excluding from
        
        Lyme disease
        
        Guillane-Barre Syndrome
        
        Otitis Media
    - - Neurological
        
        Patellar Reflex
        
        Pupillary Reflex
      - Lab
        
        Vestibular testing
        
        Hearing testing
        
        Schirmer's Tear testing
        
        CT Scan
        
        Taste recognition
        
        Magnetic Resonance Imaging
        
        Hyperacousis
        
        Electromyography
        
        Electrodiagnostic testing
        
        Serologic testing
      - Doctor asks to make several facial movements
  - - - Eyes roll back instead of eyelids closing