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Amendments (Bill of Rights (7th: Provides for the right to a jury trial in…
Amendments
Bill of Rights
7th: Provides for the right to a jury trial in federal courts to settle all disputes about property worth more that $20.
8th: This amendment prohibits excessive bail- money or property that the accused deposits with the court to gain release from jail until trial.
6th: Right to a speedy, public trial by an impartial jury.
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5th: Protections for people accused of crimes. Also, it defines the government's right of eminent domain.
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4th: Limits the governments power to conduct searches and seizures by protecting the right to privacy; it states that authorities must have a specific reason for a search or to seize evidence or people.
11th: prohibit a state from being sued in federal court by citizens of another state or of another nation
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12th: calls for the Electoral College to use separate ballots in voting for president and vice president.
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17th: says that the people—not state legislatures—elect United States senators directly. Congress tried to pass this amendment several times, but in 1912, scandals involving charges of vote buying in state legislatures finally helped the amendment pass.
1st amendment: Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press.
20th: sets new dates for when the president and vice president are inaugurated (January 20 of the year following the election) and when Congress begins its term (January 3 of every other year).
22nd: limits presidents to a maximum of two elected terms. It was passed in reaction to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election to four terms between 1933 and 1945.
25th: establishes a process for the vice president to take over the office of president if the president is disabled. The amendment also establishes the process for filling the vice presidency if that office becomes vacant.
27th: makes congressional pay raises effective during the term following their passage. Originally proposed as part of the Bill of Rights in 1789, it did not have sufficient votes for ratification. A campaign to pass it began in the 1980s, and it finally became law in 1992.
Individual Power
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The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) outlaws slavery, and the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) prohibits a state from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without “due process of law.” The Fourteenth Amendment also says that all citizens have the right to equal protection of the law in all states. It was intended to protect the legal rights of the freed enslaved people and their descendants. The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) prohibits the government from denying a person’s right to vote on the basis of race.
After the Civil War, some Southern states created poll taxes, which required people to pay a tax before they could vote. The tax was intended to keep poor people, especially poor African Americans, from voting. The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) prohibits poll taxes in federal elections.
The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments are often called the Civil War amendments because they resulted from that conflict.
The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) guarantees women the right to vote. By 1920, women had already won the right to vote in many state elections, but the constitutional amendment established their right to vote in all state and national elections.
Government Power
The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of alcoholic beverages, concluding a crusade to abolish the use of liquor that began in the 1830s. The Twenty-first Amendment (1933) repeals the Eighteenth Amendment. The Twenty-first Amendment, however, continued to ban the transport of alcohol into any state where its possession violated state law.
The Sixteenth Amendment (1913) gives Congress the power to levy individual income taxes. In 1895 the Supreme Court reversed a previous decision and declared a federal income tax unconstitutional. This prevented passage of another income tax law until the Constitution was amended in 1913.