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pain/penetration force (needle tube/diameter (Saito 2014 (G34x4mm vs.…
pain/penetration force
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needle tube/diameter
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Iwanaga 2009
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novofine 32G 6mm (conical) vs. micro fine plus 31G 5mm --> novofine more convenient, easy to use, less painful, less bleeding/bruising/leakage
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McKay 2009
novofine 32G 6mm vs. novofine 30G 8mm: preference for 32G, less painful
Schwartz 2004
31G x 6mm vs. 29G x 12,7mm: no differences in glycemic control, pain & leakage
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Aronson 2013
ETW 5bevel vs. similar size TW? 3bevel??: improved flow and pressure, easier to use, lower thumb force, reduced pain, leakage was less
Saito 2014
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pain improvements with G34, could also be related to needle length (improvement greater with G32)
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needle tip geometry
Norman 2012
blinded comparison 5bevels vs. 3bevels: no difference for pain, ease of insertion
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not blinded comparison: 5bevels --> easier insertion, less painful, more comfortable
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Miwa 2012
open-label, controlled home use study: 32G x 6mm (conical 3bevels tip) & 32G x 4mm (3bevels) --> equivalent controlling of glycemic levels
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4mm needle is less painful, easier to insert, preference on the whole
Dau 2017
significantly less injection pain with scalpel bevel design than for triple bevel and regular bevel (dental needle)
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Mayer 2009
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5bevel: additional tipping results in higher piercing resistance and shorter cuts, enlarged coring tendency
Omoigui 2006
same size, diameter and length: 3facet grind (Terumo) vs. 3facet grind, low angle bevel (BD): with BD less pain
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needle length
Schwartz 2004
31G x 6mm vs. 29G x 12,7mm: no differences in glycemic control, pain & leakage
Miwa 2012
4mm needle is less painful, easier to insert, preference on the whole
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open-label, controlled home use study: 32G x 6mm (conical 3bevels tip) & 32G x 4mm (3bevels) --> equivalent controlling of glycemic levels
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Berard 2014
open-label study with 66 obese patients, 6 month: 31G x 5mm vs 8mm: no difference in pain or less pain with 5mm
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5mm was more comfortable, easier to use, equally effective in delivering insulin
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Bergenstal 2015
4mmx32G vs. 8mmx31G vs. 12,7mmx29G ??? --> 4mm favorable findings for pain, ease of use, overall patients preferences
reuse
Puder 2004
reuse up to 5 times --> no progressive tip deformity, no increased pain intensity or unpleasantness
Misnikova 2011
reuse up to 7 times --> bacterial contamination, local inflammatory changes, injection pain increase in proportion to needle reuse
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Schuler 1992
reuse up to 12 times --> no contamination of needle. but half of the needles plastic ground, no infection at injection sites
recommend reuse of pen needles as a simple, safe and cost-beneficial procedure (limited to 5 to 10 injections --> needles point becomes more and more blunt, causes pain)
33000 injections in total (1, 3, 6, 9, 12 times)
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