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Introduction To Cognition (Classic Views we are processors of info…
Introduction To Cognition
History of Cognitive Psychology
Functionalism
Promoted Experimentation
William James
Cognitive Revolution
Ulrich Neisser
Structuralism
introspection
Wundt
&
Titchener
Behaviorism
animal experimentation
Watson
&
Skinner
reinforcement
Problem --> operant conditioning can't explain language for children --> "mouse"/"mice" --> "s"
Philosophical Roots
Augustine
:
Memory
= root of psychological function
Aquinas
:
senses
help us acquire knowledge that govern reason
Aristotle
:
Empiricism
Plato
:
Rationalism
Main Stages of Cognitive Psychology
1980s
Cognitive Neuroscience
Brain Damage and Effect on Cognition
1970s
Computer Analogies Information-Processing Approach
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Simulation
1950/60s
Human Experimental Psychology
Memory, Attention, Problem-solving, Language
Classic Views
we are processors of info
Basic Assumptions
2)
Mind carries out tasks as PROGRAMMED
sequential steps
3)
Processing these steps takes
time
&
ressource
1)
Mind = processing system
Information Theory
The
lower
the Probability of event = the
more
information
Early Experiments
Hick's Law
:
more info (bits) contained in a signal = the LONGER it takes to make a (correct) response to this signal (+ energy consumed)
experience with lights
Ryan Hyman
:
exp with lamps & words
1) Verbal response to varying number of lights
More
info
= SLOWER response time
2) Varied the frequency of occurrence of some signals-verbal response
More
Frequency
= FASTER response time
Decision Fatigue
: too many options = poor decision making
Limits
of Info Processing
Webster
&
Thomas
: air traffic controllers
Processing capacity = limited;
limitation depends on the amount of info
Information = Bit (binary digit)
Broadbent's Filter Model
Info processing
= restricted by channel capacity
Dichotic Listening Task
switching btw channels causes info to decay from short-term store cause it consumes energy
Channels
:
when receive too much input = info loss --> cause it cannot pass though the filter = IMPAIRED PERFORMANCE
Waugh & Norman's Model
info is processed and stored in stages
Brown-Peterson Task
:
Primary Memory
: what we are aware of in the "immediate present moment" --> stimulation from environment
Short-term memory
Second Memory
: knowledge acquired at an earlier time that can be stored indifinetly --> info of primary rehearsal
Long-term memory
Task = items to remember then count backwards
Memory for word list DEGRADES as distractor task INCREASE
decay in primary memory + inability to rehearse info
Ecological Validity
JJ Gibson
Ecological Validity
the extent to which the findings of a research study are able to be generalized of to real-life settings
Ecological Approach
:
using the richness of information provided by the natural environment
Ecological Psychology
:
Studying cognition in a way that reflects real world conditions
Ulrich Neisser
a person contributes or brings knowledge to their perception of the environment
we don't all see the same way
The Perceptual Cycle
:
schema's
guide
exploration of the world and
are shaped
by what we find
Cognitive Ethology:
suggests standard research's flawed
1) Observe and describe behavior as it occurs
2) Move into the lab; gradually simplify
3) Do lab findings predict real-world phenomenon?
Metcognition
= thinking about thinking