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FUN 13: Vaccination + Immunotherapy (i) (Antibodies in vaccines (come from…
FUN 13: Vaccination + Immunotherapy (i)
Passive immunisation
immediate
natural
IgG crossing placenta
IgA in breastmilk
transient (no memory cells)
artificial
vaccines
Antibodies in vaccines
neutralise toxin
NB in high risk groups
come from...
recovering patients
animals with toxins
monoclonal antibodies
= immortalised B cell making 1 antibody
for RSV = palivizumab / synagis
monoclonal
prevents/slows onset of disease
some target immune cells + cytokines
prevent transplant rejection
e.g. basiliximab/simulect/novartis
anti-IL2 R
stop T cell proliferation
active immunity
introduce antigen to generate response
activate B + T cells
can be purified antigen or based on whole organism
can be long term
Vaccine types
live attenuated
weakened form of pathogen (MMR) or viral vector (MVA for smallpox)
must replicate to be effective
usually effective with 1 dose
inactivated
microbe killed with heat/chemicals/radiation
usually bacterial
can't mutate - stable + easy to store
polio, hep A, rabies, influenza, cholera, plague, typhoid, pertussis
subunit
only contains parts of antigen that induce response
toxins, polysacc coat
virus-like particles
protein shells
look like virus but have no genetic material
based on ability of viral coat proteins o self-assemble
e.g. Hep B, HPV
Adjuvant
substance that enhances/accelerates antigen-specific responses when combined with specific vaccine antigens
promotes strong innate response
Aids antigen presentation
activates TLRs
e.g. Freud's adjuvant (dried inactivated mycobacteria), viral DNA
CD28 R on T Cells
aka TGN 1412
causes T cell proliferation
anti-rejection drug target
failed: cytokine storm - organ failure