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Cell Injury (Classes of Causes of Injury (5. Oxidative
Injury caused…
Cell Injury
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Types of Accumulation
2. Lipids
Accumulation of fat droplets in the ER & Golgi due to metabolic dysfunction. Fat deposits crowd out organelles & may rupture the cell. Mainly occurs in organs that use fats as fuel. Can lead to necrosis & functional impairment of the whole organ; most prevalent in the liver.
3. Proteins
Mainly occurs in epithelium of renal convoluted tubule & plasma cells; leads to proteinuria
1. Hydropic
Accumulation of H2O, caused by malfunction of the Na+ K+ Pump. Cell swells as H2O accumulates, very common early sign of many types of injury - to a point that is reversible
4. Calcium
AKA “Calcification”/Deposits of calcium salts. Occurs in conditions of altered calcium intake, excretion, or metabolism
Dystrophic
Calcification of dying/dead tissue or in unhealed, chronically damaged tissue (occurs in tuberculosis, advanced stage of atherosclerosis in heart valves & coronary arteries)
Metastatic
Calcification due to calcium imbalance (can be hormonal) in the system w/ calcium precipitating in kidney, blood vessels & connective tissue
5. Pigments
Presence of inorganic particles in cells. Can be endogenous (melanin) or exogenous (inhaled dust)
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Lipofuscin accumulates in older individuals; occurs in cells that are chronically damaged. May be present in brain, liver, heart & ovaries; NOT known to interfere w/ cell function
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Oxidative Changes
2. Proteins
Cross linking occurs, creating fragmentation (loss of essential secondary & tertiary structures); destroys proteins’ ability to function normally
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1. Membranes/Lipids
Lipid peroxidation causes leakiness, cell swelling + mitochondrial damage
4. Cell Organelles
Mitochondrial damage = loss of power, also contributes to cell swelling; lysosomal damage = possible escape of hydrolytic enzymes
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