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Chapter 10: Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Concepts (represents…
Chapter 10: Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis
Concepts
disorder is increasing
must obey physical laws
putting energy into living systems
plants absorbs scattered molecules
carbon dioxide
water
minerals
organizes molecules into
organic molecules
cells
tissues
organs
represents particles that become more orderly
prokaryotes
protist
fungi
plants
animals
Sunlight maintains and increases orderliness
directly
photosynthesis
phototrophs
assimilate small organic molecules
all green plants
all cyanobacteria
bacteria capable of photosynthesis
indirectly
respiration
heterotrophs
take in organic molecules
respire them
obtain energy available
all animals
all completely parasitic plants
all fungi
nonphotsynthetic prokaryotes
Difference between phototrophs and heterotrophs
Energy and reducing power
Energy carriers
Allow pigments to enter necessary reactions
Allow energized pigments to make several intermediates
guanine triphosphate
photophosphorylation
occurs in chloroplasts
substrate-level phosphorylation
occurs in all parts of the plant
oxidative phosphorylation
occurs in all parts of the plant
Reducing power
loses electrons
oxidized
oxidation
oxidation reaction
oxidized compounds
contains oxygen
gains electrons
reduced
reduction reaction
reduced compounds
contains hydrogen
force electrons onto compounds
oxidizing agents
oxidize material they react with
NAD+
NADP+
reducing agents
place electrons onto other molecules
NADH
NADPH
redox potential
accept or donate electrons
Other electron carriers
cytochromes
small proteins
contains cofactor, heme
intrinsic membrane protein
integral part of thylakoid membrane
plastoquinones
small proteins
carries electrons on metal atoms
plastocyanin
transports electrons
hydrophobic
Photosynthesis
The Light-Dependent Reactions
electromagnetic radiation spectrum
gamma rays
x-rays
ultraviolet light
infrared light
microwaves
visible light
quanta (quantum)
photons
pigments
chlorophyll a
absorption spectrum
action spectrum
accessory pigments
carotenoids
resonance
chlorophyll b
antenna complex
reaction center
special chlorophyll a molecules
transferred light energy
photosynthetic unit
granule
thylakoid membrane
antenna complex
reaction center
photosystem I
little chlorophyll b
P700
absorbs red light
ferredoxin
thylakoid membrane
small protein
ferredoxin-NADP reductase
enzyme
reduces NADP+
NADPH
photosystem II
chlorophyll b= chlorophyll a
plastocyanin
cytochrome b6/f complex
Q
phaeophytin
P680
reaction center
electron transport chain
photosystem I & II
The synthesis of ATP
chemiosmotic phosphorylation
grana (granum)
frets
stroma
thylakoid lumen
ATP synthetase
CF0-CF1 complex
noncyclic electron transport
The stroma reactions
Calvin/Benson cycle
C3 cycle
takes place in stroma
acceptor molecule
ribulose-1,5
bisphosphate
RuBP
3-phosphoglycerate (PGA)
RuBP carboxylase (RUBISCO)
enzyme
largest
most complex
1,3-diphosphoglycerate
3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)
Anabolic metabolism
anabolism
anabolic reactions
synthesis of polysaccharides
gluconeogenesis
dihydroxyacetone phosphate
fructose-1
6-bisphosphate
fructose-6-phosphate
glucose-6-phosphate
Environmental and Internal Factors
Light
Quality of light
colors
wavelength
Quantity of light
intensity
brightness
light compensation point
duration of sunlight
Leaf structure
Water
C4 metabolism
photorespiration
energy wasting process
C4 photosynthesis
carbon dioxide is absorbed
transported
concentrated in a leaf
oxygen is kept away from RuBP carboxylase
mesophyll cells
PEP carboxylase
high affinity for carbon dioxide
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
succulent leaves
same metabolism in C4 plants
cactus
