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Respiratory System (Pulmonary Volumes (TV (Tidal Volume) (Amount of air…
Respiratory System
Pulmonary Volumes
TV (Tidal Volume)
Amount of air taken in or expelled during Quiet breath
Normal Values
Female= 500 mL
Male= 500 mL
IC (Inspiratory Capasity)
Total ablity to inspire
TV+IRV
Normal Values
Female= 2400 mL
Male= 3600 mL
RV (Residual Volume)
Amount of air left in lungs after FE
Normal Values
Female= 1100 mL
Male= 1200 mL
FRC (Functional Residual Capacity)
Amt of air normally left in air after quiet breath
ERV+RV
Normal Values
Female= 1800 mL
Male= 2400 mL
ERV (Expiratory Reserve volume)
Amount of air expelled in forced expiration
Measure of lung and chest wall elasticity
Normal values
Female= 700 ml
Male= 1200 mL
VC (Vital Capacity)
Measure of amt of air lungs are capable of holding
TV+IRV+ERV
Normal Values
Female= 3100 mL
Male= 4800 mL
IRV (Inspiratory Reserve volume)
Amount of air taken in during forced inspiration
Measure of lung compliance
Normal values
Female=1900 mL
Male= 3100 mL
TLC (Total Lung Capacity)
Total amt of air the lungs can contain
TV+IRV+ERV+RV
Normal Values
Female= 4200 mL
Male= 6000 mL
Breathing Rates
Hypoventilation
Breathing at an abnormally slow rate that leads to increased CO2 in blood
Hyperpnea
Increased rate and depth of breathing due to increased oxygen demand
does not change O2 or CO2 levels in blood
Hyperventilation
Increased breathing rate that leads to low CO2 levels in blood
Dispnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Panting
Breathing with short quick breaths
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
Main Respiratory Centers
Ventral Respiratory Group
Located within anterior medulla
has both inspiratory and expiratory receptors
Dorsal Respiratory Group
Located Posterior to VRG
Pontine Respiratory Center
Located in the Pons
Chemoreceptors
Central
In Medulla oblongata
Monitor pH changes in CHF
caused by PCO2 .
Peripheral
Located in both Aortic arch and carotid artery
detect change in H+ and PCO2 within arterial Blood
Functions of the Respiratory System
Oxygen and CO2 exchange site
Detection of odors
Air passageway
Sound production (talking)
Laws Related to Respiration
Henry's Law
Concentration of gas is directly proportional to to both solubility and Partial pressure of gas in blood
Dalton's Law
Law that states that a specific gas type in a mixture exerts its own pressure
Total pressure exerted by a mix of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of all gases in mixture
Boyle's Law
The relationship between volume and pressure
As volume increases, pressure decreases and vice versa
Anatomy
Upper Respiratory
Nasal Pathway
Nares (Nostrils)
Divided by Nasal Septum
Made of cartilage
Contains fine hairs
Filtration of particles and bacteria
Called Vibrissae
Nasal Cavity
Nasal Conchae
Medial
Inferior
Superior
Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal
Maxillary
Ethmoidal
Sphenoidal
Choana (back of Nasal cavity)
Nasopharynx
Pharyngeal Tonsil
Auditory tube opening
Tubal Tonsil
Oral Pathway
Oral Cavity
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Uvula
Oropharynx
Lower Respiratory
Conducting Pathways
Larynx
Functions
air passageway
Prevents ingested items from entering RT
Produces sound for speach
Anatomy
Laryngeal aperture
Cartilages
corniculate x2
Arytenoid x2
Cuneiform x2
epiglotis x1
cricoid x1
thyroid x1
Ligaments
Intrinsic
Located within the Larynx
Extrinsic
Attached to external surface
Trachea
Supported by 15-20 C-shaped cartilage rings
Outermost layers are mucosa
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Bronchial Tree
Right Main Bronchus
Leads to Right Lobar Bronchus
Right Segmental Bronchus
Small bronchi
Bronchioles
1 more item...
Left Main Bronchus
Leads to Left Lobar Broncus
Left Segmental bronchus
Small Bronchi
Bronchioles
1 more item...
Respiratory Zone
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alviolar Ducts
Alvioli
Lungs
Contains Bronchial Tree
Lobular
Right Lung
3 lobes
separated by 2 fissures
horizontal
Oblique
Left Lung
2 Lobes
Separated by 1 fissure
Oblique
3 surfaces
mediastinal
Costal
diaphramatic
Gas exchange and Transportation
Gas Transportation
Oxygen Transport
Transported from lungs back to heart via the Pulmonary Vein
Pushed out from heart to rest of body via Arteries
Enters systemic capillaries
Carried within hemoglobin molecules
Moves from capillaries into the cells
CO2 Transport
CO2 is waste products of cells (cellular respiration)
Moves from cells into the capillares
Moves from capillaries into systemic veins
Can be dissolved in plasma
attached to globin portion of hemoglobin
as bicarb (HCO3) dissolved in blood
Gas exchange
Alveolar Gas Exchange
Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling
Bronchioles dilate or constrict in resp to changes in CO2 in air in bronchioles
Pulmonary arterioles dilate or constrict in resp to changes in PO2 or PCO2
Exchange occurs between alvioli in lungs and blood in capillary
Blood PO2 Increases from 40 to 104 mm Hg
Blood PCO2 decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg
Systemic Gas Exchange
Exchange of Respiratory gases btw systemic cells and and blood in systemic capillaries
Blood PO2 decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg
Blood PCO2 increases from 40 to 45 mm Hg
Respiratory Disorders
Asthma
Emphysema