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Energy Metabolism: Photosynthesis (Environmental and Internal Factors…

- - - - colors of wavelengths
    - - light intensity of brightness
    - - number of hours per day sunlight is available
  - - - energy wasting process
    - - "C4 Photosynthesis"
  - - - second metabolic adaption
      - improves conversation of water while permitting photosynthesis
- - - - water and light don't directly interact with CO2
      - Figure 10-6
      - Figure 10-7
    - - Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
        
        encompasses gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet etc.
      - Quanta
        
        Photons
    - - Figure 10-9
      - Pigment
        
        any material that absorbs certain wavelengths
        
        distinctive color
      - Chlorophyll a
        
        absorbs only red and some blue light
        
        lets most pass through
        
        especially high-energy radiation
      - Activated
        
        when a quanta is absorbed by a pigment
      - Ground State
      - Excited State
      - Accessory Pigments
        
        strongly absorbes wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a
        
        broaded action spectrum
        
        chlorophyll b
        
        carotenoids
      - Resonance
        
        allows chlorophyll b to absorb wavelengths
        
        transfer energy to chlorophyll a for chemical reaction
      - Antenna Complex
        
        entire 300 chlorophylls a and b
        
        carotenoids and their proteins
      - Reaction Center
        
        structure contains a pair od special molecules
        
        chlorophyll a whose properties differ
      - Fluorescence
        
        release of light by a pigment
      - Absorption Spectrum
        
        graph
        
        shows which wavelengths are strongly absorbed by pigments
      - Action Spectrum
        
        shows which wavelengths are most effective
        
        powering a photochemical process
      - Figure 10-12
      - Photosynthetic Unit
        
        all pigments and carriers that work together are packed into a granule
    - - P700
        
        absorb red light of 700nm
        
        absorbed by membrane bound electron acceptor, Fx
      - Z Scheme
      - those with little chlorophyll b
      - Ferredoxin
        
        located in the thylakoid membrane
        
        small protein with an active site
        
        two iron atoms bound to two sulfur atoms
      - Ferredoxin-NADP+ Reductase
        
        reduces NADP+ to NADPH
    - - Plastocyanin gets e- from
        
        contains copper
        
        donates an electron to the chlorophyll a of the PSI
        
        now oxidized, but now needs an electron
      - Cytochrome B6/f Complex
        
        receives e- from plastoquinone
      - Q gets e- from
        
        molecule of quinone
      - Phaeophytin
        
        chlorophyll a molecule without a Mg atom
      - P680
      - Electron Transport Chain
        
        the various electron carriers- to P700 in PSI
      - those in which chlorophyll b is almost equal to chlorophyll a
    - - Chemoiosmotic Phosphorylation
      - Grana
        
        all thylakoids in one region form vesicles at the same spot
        
        so they occur in sets
      - Frets
        
        thylakoids that lie between grana
      - Stroma
      - Thylakoid Lumen
        
        some of the enzymes and electron carriers of the photosystems are embedded in the membrane layer facing the lumen
      - Figure 10-16
      - Figure 10-15
      - Noncyclic Electron Transport
        
        when electrons flow smoothly from water to NADPH
      - CF0-CF1 Complex
        
        ATP Synthetase of chloroplast
        
        CF0 is where proton channel is located
        
        CF1 phosphorylates ADP to ATP
      - ATP Synthetase
      - Figure 10-17
      - Cyclic Electron Transport
        
        without making extra NADPH
        
        chloroplast make extra ATP
  - - - conversion of CO2 to carbohydrate
    - - ribose-1,5-biphosphate
        
        RuBP
      - first step
      - reacts with CO2
    - - RUBISCO
    - - PGAL
      - phosphate comes off
      - carbon is now reduced and energized
    - - reduced by NADH
  - - - Short term storage
      - Intermediate-term storage
      - Long-term storage
    - - Gluconeogenesis
        
        anabolic synthesis of glucose
      - Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
      - Fructose-1,6-bisphate
      - Fructose-6-hosphate
      - Glucose-6-phosphate
- - - - converts light energy to chemical energy
    - - Allow pigments to enter every reaction
    - - Make smaller intermediates
        
        Guanosine Triphosphate
        
        cariies high-energy phosphate bonds
  - - - atoms don't carry as many electrons as it could
    - - increases the positive charge
    - - when electrons are added to an atom
    - - reduces the positive charge
    - - often contains a lot of oxygen
    - - contain hydrogen
    - - to force electrons onto compounds
    - - oxidize the material they react with
  - - - small proteins
      - contain a cofactor, heme
        
        holds an iron atom
      - part of the chloroplast's thylakoid
    - - bind two protons
      - hydrophobic
    - - carries electrons of copper
      - doesn't travel far