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Ross 2014 Synthesis Concept Map (Subliminal messaging (Affects internal…
Ross 2014 Synthesis Concept Map
Evidence of bias
Statistics show higher proportion of minorities stopped by police
Counterargument: minorities are stopped more often because they commit more crimes
Rebuttal: if whites were stopped more often instead they would be convicted of more crimes
Subliminal messaging
Omnipresent in society
Affects internal and external perceptions of power
For example identifying as part of a group, then seeing that group stereotyped, causes one to internalize that stereotype to some degree.
Over time, even occurring on a small scale. this builds on itself to reinforce existing social power hierarchies.
Creates privilege for the majority group
Majority group members do not identify as part of the group to the same extent as minority group members, decreasing their awareness of power disparity and reinforcing existing power dynamics
"Micro-inequities"
Likely unintended/unacknowledged by perpetrator
May even be perpetuated by minority group members
Example- when told "you have to work twice as hard," message subliminally conveyed was "you're half as good"
Makes the behavior difficult to change
Lack of awareness in the first place leads to natural defensive behavior when the perpetrator is confronted
Examples
Underrepresentation of minorities in movies/music/television/art
Minorities left out of sense of larger cultural heritage (history etc.)
Difficulty finding people/products that fit with cultural norms
Use of power
Coercive power- ability to "pull rank" based on position within social power hierarchy
Reward power- self-explanatory
Relationship power- derived from access to another, more powerful individual
Resource control- money
Assumed or demonstrated expertise- example deference given to a lawyer by his client
Personality power- self-explanatory
Informational power- derived from access to insider information
In turn affects empathy
Defined here as sensitivity to external stimuli
Obhi experiment
Lammers research
Power increases the likelihood of sexual infidelity
Piff/Keltner research
Wealth increases the likelihood of unethical behavior/lawbreaking
Kuntsman/Maner experiment
Students placed in position of power acted more flirtatiously towards a counterpart of the opposite gender
Conclusion: research demonstrates trend that power changes the way our brains operate to make us more selfish
Proposed solution: simple increased awareness of the role power plays in our lives and our position in the social power hierarchy to try and mitigate the bias a position in the dominant social group automatically and unconsciously bestows