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Humoral/Antibody Immunity (Classes of Antibodies (IgE (Site(s) of Action …
Humoral/Antibody Immunity
Antibodies
Immunoglobulins; globular glycoproteins that function as receptors for specific antigens
Classes of Antibodies
IgE
Site(s) of Action
-Tissues
Functions
-Activates mast cells; results in histamine production & release
-Responds to worms (Ex. Helminths)
Description
-Mainly used in hypersensitivity/allergy reactions
-Concentrations are normally low in serum
-Remains fixed to mast cells & other tissues
-Contact w/ mast cells results in release of mast cell granules,
which contain vasoactive amines (histamines)
-High presence in people w/ helminthic infections
-Has 2 antigen binding sites
IgG
Description
-Makes up 80% of antibodies in plasma
-Major immunoglobulin produced in secondary response
-Diffuses into extravascular space to interact w/ antigens
-Amount produced is related to amount of antigenic stimulation
-Has 2 antigen binding sites
Site(s) of Action
-Blood
-Tissue fluid
-Able to cross placenta; provides passive immune protection for the fetus
Functions
-Increase macrophage activity
-Agglutination
-Antitoxins (neutralizing specific toxins)
IgA
Site(s) of Action
Secretions (saliva, tears, small intestine, vagina, prostate, nasal cavity, breast milk)
Functions
-Stops bacteria from adhering to host cells
-Prevents bacteria forming colonies on mucous membranes
Description
-Used for defence against infections on exposed surfaces (Ex. Respiratory & GI tracts)
-85% of plasma cells in intestinal area produce IgA
-Has 2-4 antigen binding sites
IgM
Description
-Macroglobulin (largest of the Immunoglobulins)
-First produced during an immune response
-Made up of 5 units held together by a J chain
-Makes up 10% of Immunoglobulins
-Present in the bloodstream early in infection
-Reacts well w/ bacteria & viruses
-Decreases when IgG response increases
-Has 10 antigen binding sites
Site(s) of Action
-Blood
-Tissue fluid
Functions
Agglutination (mixing & clumping w/ corresponding antigen)
General Description
-Found on surfaces of B lymphocytes
-Cell division causes either memory cell or plasma cell formation
Memory Cell
= Identical to original cell
Plasma Cell
= antibody factories producing 2k antibodies/sec
-Specific bonding of antibodies to antigens serves to identify the enemy & activate killing defence mechanisms
-5 Classes (IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD & IgE)
-Structure
2 Heavy Chains
2 Light Chains
Fc end (constant)
Fab end (variable; specific site for binding to antigens)
-Antibody-antigen complex -> B cell division -> More antibodies for specific antigens -> More active immunity
General Function
-Can act as labels to identify antigens for phagocytes
-Can lock toxins (antitoxins)
-Can attach to bacterial flagella and make them less active & easier for phagocytes to engulf
-Can cause agglutination of bacteria, making them less likely to spread