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Relationship between arousal and performance (INVERTED U THEORY (Optimum…
Relationship between arousal and performance
DRIVE THEORY
The relationship between arousal and performance is
linear
. Performance increase is
proportional
to the increase in arousal.
P = f(HxD)
P is the performance
f is the function
H is the habit
D is the drive
'A high level of arousal will result in a high level of performance.'
Increased arousal enhances an individual's tendency to perform the
dominant response
.
Research has shown that
high class athletes have been seen to fail in high arousal situations
. High class athletes are supposed to have habitual skills and therefore
perform well in highly aroused situations
. Therefore, this theory has lost credit.
DRIVE REDUCTION
Could occur when a skill has been
mastered
or a
goal has been achieved.
A
new goal
must be set to regain motivation.
INVERTED U THEORY
Predicts that as arousal increases, so does the
quality of performance
. However, quality of performance will improve up to a point (
optimum arousal
).
It predicts that the best performance occurs at moderate levels of arousal.
If arousal occurs beyond the
optimum point
, the performer becomes
over-aroused
and the
capacity of learn/perform will deteriorate
.
Under Arousal
If concentration is limited, attention will wander to
unwanted cues
as the performer is under aroused. The player may appear to be
daydreaming
.
The process of
selective attention cannot operate
. This will prevent accurate decision making,
Optimum Arousal
This is considered the perfect state in which the potential performance is
maximised
. The
attention field adjusts to the ideal width
and as a result, the performer is able to
concentrate
.
As concentration is high, important information can be absorbed and
accurate
decisions can be made
.
It is a product of
selective attention
and taking on board the most important information at the optimum point of arousal is called the
cue utilisation hypothesis.
Over Arousal
Over arousal causes the
field of attention
to
narrow excessively
. This may mean that the
environmental cues may be missed
. The performer is often in a state of
near panic
. This state of nervousness is called
hyper vigilance
.
The performer's
selective attention cannot operate
and the
capacity for concentration is seriously impeded
.
If the activity involves
fine movements
, arousal needs to be
low
. If the activity involves
gross movements
. arousal needs to be
high
.
Autonomous
performers can have
high
levels of arousal.
Cognitive
learners can have
lower
levels of arousal.
CATASTROPHE THEORY
This theory takes
cognitive and somatic anxiety
in to account.
Increases in
cognitive anxiety
will help performance if somatic anxiety are kept low.
If there is an increase in
cognitive and somatic anxiety
and both are
high
, performance will
decline
.
If there is a high level of cognitive anxiety and there is a continuous increase in somatic anxiety, then performance will
suddenly deteriorate
.
Cognitive Anxiety
: thoughts - nerves, worrying
Somatic Anxiety
: physiological - Heart rate, breathing rate