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period 6: the european moment in world history: 1750-1900 (second…
period 6: the european moment in world history: 1750-1900
PART ONE: ATLANTIC AND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS
scientific revolution. thanks to copernicus (heliocentric)
empiricism & scientific method. 1. observation of nature. 2. hypothesis. 3. prediction. 4. test. 5. support or reject hypothesis then revise hypothesis or test the confirmed hypothesis or theory more
empiricism: approach to learning about the world based on observation and experiment
enlightenment
age of reason; rationality. optimism, progress.
Hobbes: social contract theory
trading freedom for security with a government
people are born naturally bad
John Locke
all people have equal natural rights because they are human
life, liberty, property
government's job is to protect these natural rights
if government fails to fo it's job, people can overthrow it, intellectual justification of revolution (even with violence)
believes social contract theory
strongly influences thomas jefferson
Voltaire
equal justice under law
freedom of speech and press
hostile to (roman catholic) christianity.. irrational
deism: god created the universe, but god left it to its own ends. intellectual underpinning of universe
Rousseau
people are born naturally good
civilization corrupts people
noble savages
belief in direct (not representative) democracy
Montesquieu
separation of powers; checks and balances
Mary Wollenstonecraft
advocate of women's rights
Atlantic Revolutions: american, french, haitian, spanish american (1775:1825)
American Revolution
seven years war, french lose north america
colonists have to pay more taxes to help british war debt
boston tea party
declaration of independence 1776
1783: american republic gains independence
French Revolution: 1789-1815
three estates
absolute monarchy
summoned états gêneral in 1789
third estate proclaims themselves the National Assembly
declaration on the rights of man and citizen 1789
becomes republic, abolishes monarchy 1792
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Haitian Revolution: 1791-1804
(St Dominque); crown jeweel of french colonies, sugar and coffee.
very brutalized black slaves and minority of rich french whites
toussaint couverture leads slave rebellion 1791
sparked by the declaration of the right of man
1804: Napoleon grants Haiti freedom
spanish american revolution: (1810-1825)
enlightenment ideas spread to creoles. american revolution inspired creoles.
the peninsular war of 1808 caused spanish america to revolt
1810, chain reaction of revolts.
Simon Bolivar
gran columbia
Jose de San Martin (argentina)
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Hidalgo led mexican revolution
mexican proclamation independence 1821
mulatto president: 1829; ban slavery (affects texas)
Brazil: didn't have to fight a war, peaceful, empire of brazil 1822-1889
slavery lasted late, 1888
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
how goods are created--> now by machines.
turning point in history
urbanization accelerated
new classes
crystal palace expo
cult of domesticity/ gender role shift in middle class
merchants are respected now
social question
capitialism
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started in britain around 1750
the textile industry
spinning jenny (1765)
water frame (1769)
steam engine (1765)
uses coal, starts the fossil fuel revolution
rise of factories
steam boat 1807
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why did this happen:
atlantic location of europe
access to foreign resources
accumulate large amounts of capital
4.geographival distribution of resources
abundance of rivers and canals
improved agriculture productivity
european demographic change
urbanization
legal protection of private property
industrialism spreads to America by New England
spread of railroad network
second industrial revolution 1850s-1900
steel industry, bessemer process 1856
steel frame skyscraper...first are in chicago
oil industry (from 1859)
internal combustion engine
1886, first automobile
electricity--> light bulb (1879)
rubber industry
vulcanization (1840s)
chemical industry
color dyes (magenta and mauve invented)
mass production of color
precision machinery: standardized design for interchangeable parts
globalization
search for new raw resources
brazilian rubber trees for natural rubber
british smuggled seeds out and planted rubber trees in sri lanka, malaysia, indonesia
copper mining in northwestern mexico
gold and diamonds in south africa, caused johassenburg to be founded
russian conquests and annexation of Central Asia (1860s-80s)
used it as a giant cotton plantation... monoculture
source for new market
qing china
tea, silk, porcelain, rhubarb
Canton system
westerners follow canton laws, at mercy of chinese, trade was expendable with them
macartney mission (1793)
opium war (1839-42)
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socialism
a response to the spread of global capitalism
rise of the labor movement/organized labor. goal: improve working conditions
trade/labor unions. solidarity
wanted better working conditions and higher wages
limited work hours
strikes were the main weapons of unions
answer to the "social question", poor, old, les miserables
radical, idealogical alternative to capitalism
political idealogigy that calls for an egalitarian, classless society with collective owner ship of property
government hands on economy to aid workers
THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO (1848) marx and engels
class warfare: haves vs have nots (bourgeoisie vs proletariat
religion: opium of the masses
class solidarity > nationalism
marx was a man of action
Workers of the the world, Unite!
liberalism= bourgeoisie democracy
true democracy is impossible under capitalism
dictatorship of proliterairt (transitional)
communism: the final classless stage of human society
a theory, unpracticed
ANARCHISM: government is bad
pierre jospeh proudhon
property is theft
turned to terrorism, violence
state responses
reforms
germany under bismarck enacted social welfare reforms (1880s) sickness, accident, disability insurance and old age pension