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Transporters (Carrier Proteins) (Energy Method Types: (Examples: (Some…
Transporters (Carrier Proteins)
Definition:
Membrane proteins
Control uptake of nutrients, elimination of unwanted waste/toxicants
Can be either facilitated or active transport
Energy Method Types:
ATP-Power Pumps
(Active transport/ primary active transport)
Uses hydrolysis of ATP to move small molecules and ions against electrical potential, chemical concentration gradient, or both
Cotransporters (symporters, antiporters)
Couple the movement of one type molecule or ion against the concentration gradient with the movement of other ion(s) down the concentration gradient (co-transport/ secondary active transport)
Uses energy that is stored in the form of ionic concentration differences between two sides of the membrane
Examples:
Some xenobiotics are absorbed by transport systems
Many xenobiotic transporters are expressed in GI tract
Mammalian GI tract - many transport systems for nutrient and electrolyte absorption
Efflux transporters excrete substrates in GI lumen which decrease net absorption
Types:
ABC transporters - ATP-Binding Cassette
Mostly primary active transporters
Examples:
P-glycoprotein, the MRPs, and the BCRP - limit absorption of drugs in intestine; pump drugs into the bile for excretion
Definition: Import superfamily of transmembrane transporters
Solute Carrier (SLC) transporters
Definition: move charged and uncharged organic molecules and inorganic ions
Examples:
Facilitated transporters and secondary active transporters