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Answers to my inquiry questions (The first English colony was established…
Answers to my inquiry questions
The Columbian Exchange refers to a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life.
The Columbian Exchange greatly affected almost every society on earth, bringing destructive diseases that depopulated many cultures, and also circulating a wide variety of new crops and livestock that, in the long term, increased rather than diminished the world human population.
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Captain Arthur Phillip was chosen to lead the First Fleet.
The Europeans obtain African Slaves by trading with them. Which means that Africans will be captured by other Africans and then traded to Europeans in exchange for goods, weapons, metal tools,...
A penal colony is a settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population by placing them in a remote location, often an island or distant colonial territory.
The first English colony was established in North America in 1607 at Jamestown, Virginia.
The second English colony was established at New Plymouth in 1620
The founding of Jamestown, America’s first permanent English colony, sparked a series of cultural encounters that helped shape the nation and the world. The government, language, customs, beliefs and aspirations of these early Virginians are all part of the United States’ heritage today.
The Second English colony is most famous for introducing Thanksgiving and, more important, introducing self-government into America through the "Mayflower Compact," signed aboard their ship, the Mayflower. Plymouth Colony later merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony to form the colony of Massachusetts.
The Second English colony in America was established by Puritans-a group of Christian sect.
The First Fleet First Fleet arrived at Botany Bay on 24 January 1788. Here the Aboriginal people, who had lived in isolation for 40,000 years, met the British in an uneasy stand off at what is now known as Frenchmans Beach at La Perouse.
The main causes of migration from 1750 to 1901 are economic migration-moving in search for better jobs and careers, social migration- moving in search for better life quality and facilities or to be closer to family and friend, environmental migration-moving to escape natural disaster like flood, diseases and famine and political migration-moving to escape political persecution or war.
The Americas and Australia became popular destinations for many different groups of people during this period. These lands promised new opportunities for free settlers.
The First Fleet voyage took over eight months to arrived in Australia.
Twenty-three convicts had died during the voyage.
Extreme weather and wild storms had convicts aboard the First Fleet praying for their lives, according to ship logbooks and diaries..
Some of the factors that pulled free settlers away to other continents or countries included political and religious freedom, better wages and job opportunities,..
Some of the factors that pushed free settlers away from their countries included political and/or religious persecution, revolutions, poverty, slavery, natural disaster,..
The Europeans had very limited trade with Asia at the beginning of the sixteenth century because the Asians didn’t want to buy what the Europeans were producing. On the contrary, the Europeans wanted goods made in Asia.
To accomplish their goal of becoming a major global economic player, the Europeans first needed to produce goods that many people wanted. They had to move the goods,and to buy and sell them. To do all this, they needed cash.
In 1700s, as British population began to explode, mass poverty has lead to the rise in crime. British had very strict law for thefts, stealing something could land you with the dead sentence.However, they couldn't hang everyone, and with the jails full of convicts, there was a problem of what to do with all the criminals.
Transportation was one of the most effective solution the British Government could do to punish criminals. British had established some colonies in America and Africa to exile convicts. But as the Americans rose up against the English, that was no longer an option. The British had decided to set up a new penal colony in the land called New South Wales.
The Atlantic transportations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries are widely acknowledged as a necessary precursor to understanding the context in which Britain colonised Australia. Convict transportation from the Caribbean, Cape and other colonies to NSW, and the black convict presence in Australia, is also understood as a key feature of colonial jurisdiction, and of the making of early colonial society.
The four world zones were connected through trading.Trade has the power to transform human societies by helping to link distant societies and by encouraging innovation. For much of the agrarian era, the benefits of this interconnection were often undermined by the inability of these societies to come up with ways to sustain growth.
Slavery played a very important role on the world's economic.The slave trade tied together coastal Africa into a trans-oceanic trade system which relied on exploitation of interior tribes by those who had managed to create trade agreements with the Europeans. The slave trade also helped destroy some of the young states in eastern africa like Kongo.
Additionally, the slave trade enabled Europeans to grow crops that they would have had to pay up the nose for from India or the OE, like sugar and coffee. It brought new crops into the market, like tobacco and cotton, and expanded the coffers of european commodities traders, shipwrights, and average folk who could now purchase goods that had previously been reserved for an extremely wealthy elite [like coffee and sugar].
The First Fleet left England on 13th May 1787 for the 'lands beyond the seas' with more than 1480 men, women and children onboard. Although most were British, there were also African, American and French convicts.
By the 1830s and 1840s Australia was receiving an increasing number of free settlers but there was still a huge labour shortage. People on farms needed labourers to clear the land, plant crops and take care of animals. The expanding settlement meant that convict labour was not sufficient. Employers were forced to increase the wages they offered to workers in order to compete for their labour.
About one third of migrants who came to Australia between 1830 and 1850 paid their own way. Convicts and settlers who came to Australia found that in comparison to Europe, conditions were very good and with hard work and determination they could prosper. They encouraged their relatives in England to come to Australia and enjoy the prosperity. Women migrants were also assisted to curb a gender imbalance in the colonies, to work as domestic servants and to foster marriages and childbirth. These migration schemes resulted in 58,000 people coming to Australia between 1815 and 1840.
As the Colony expanded, new land was needed for farms and the new cash crop of wool, with sheep runs getting bigger and bigger. Several ex New South Wales Corps and ex-convict businessmen were becoming wealthy by exporting wool (and other goods) to England. They also had become quite powerful and even deposed Governor Bligh who tried to control their business activities.These people played a crucial role on the development of Australia as they introduced the prosperity of the nation to different part of the world through trading.
The First Fleet included: The Alexander, the Borrowdale, the Charlotte, the Firstburn, the Friendship, the Golden Grove, the HMS Sirius, the HMS Supply, the Lady Penrhyn, the Prince of Wales, the Scarborough.
Due to the shortage of food and supplies of the colony of Sydney Cove in 1789, the Second Fleet was sent away and the last ship arrived in Port Jackson on June, 1790.
The Second Fleet was a disaster compare to the first.Of 1000 convicts on board, 267 died and 480 were sick from malnutrition, scurvy, dysentery and fever. The supplies on board the Second Fleet were supposed to feed the convicts, but the ship sailed ahead of the convict transports and the ships master withheld the supplies, starving the convicts so that there was more they could sell afterwards and the earlier the convicts died on the voyage the more of their allowances the shipmasters could keep to themselves.