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Nonverbal Communication (Definitions (Nonverbal Communication (Process of…

- - - - For example, the question “What are you doing tonight?” could mean any number of things, but we could rely on posture, tone of voice, and eye contact to see if the person is just curious, suspicious, or hinting that they would like company for the evening.
    - - While we can consciously decide to stop sending verbal messages, our nonverbal communication always has the potential of generating meaning for another person. The teenager who decides to shut out his dad and not communicate with him still sends a message with his “blank” stare (still a facial expression) and lack of movement (still a gesture).
    - - For example, the group of friends who came to see me off to America. Any number of meanings could be derived from this gesture. Could they be coming to gloat over my departure, or sad that I will be leaving?
    - - The involuntary or subconscious nature of nonverbal communication makes it less easy to fake, which makes it seem more honest and credible.
  - - - Conveys meaning by reinforcing, substituting for, or contradicting verbal communication.
      - Nonverbal communication can convey much meaning when verbal communication isn’t effective because of language barriers
      - Receive mixed messages, or messages in which verbal and nonverbal signals contradict each other
    - - Can be used to influence people in a variety of ways, but the most common way is through deception.
      - Use nonverbal communication to “take the edge off” a critical or unpleasant message in an attempt to influence the reaction of the other person
      - Use eye contact and proximity to get someone to move or leave an area
        
        For example, those waiters that glare at me when I take too long to eat.
    - - Changing of pitch, hand gestures, shifting eye contact, or verbal fillers
    - - Tie signs are nonverbal cues that communicate intimacy and signal the connection between two people. These relational indicators can be objects such as wedding rings or tattoos that are symbolic of another person or the relationship, actions such as sharing the same drinking glass or touch behaviors such as hand-holding.
      - Immediacy behaviors are verbal and nonverbal behaviors that lessen real or perceived physical and psychological distance between communicators and include things like smiling, nodding, making eye contact, and occasionally engaging in social, polite, or professional touch.
    - - The way we set up our living and working spaces, the clothes we wear, the way we carry ourselves, and the accents and tones of our voices.
      - Artifacts, which are the objects and possessions that surround us, also communicate our identities. Examples of artifacts include our clothes, jewelry, and space decorations.
      - Through changes to nonverbal signals, a capable person can try to appear helpless, a guilty person can try to appear innocent, or an uninformed person can try to appear credible.
- - - - Communication that occurs in the social zone, which is four to twelve feet away from our body, is typically in the context of a professional or casual interaction, but not intimate or public
    - - Personal and intimate zones refer to the space that starts at our physical body and extends four feet. These zones are reserved for friends, close acquaintances, and significant others.
    - - As we breach the invisible line that is 1.5 feet from our body, we enter the intimate zone, which is reserved for only the closest friends, family, and romantic/intimate partners.
    - - An innate drive to take up and defend spaces
      - Secondary territories don’t belong to us and aren’t exclusively under our control, but they are associated with us, which may lead us to assume that the space will be open and available to us
      - Primary territories are marked or understood to be exclusively ours and under our control
      - Public territories are open to all people.
    - - Public and social zones refer to space four or more feet away from our body, and the communication that typically occurs in these zones is formal and not intimate.
  - - - Repetition: Vocalic cues reinforce other verbal and nonverbal cues.
        Complementing: Vocalic cues elaborate on or modify verbal and nonverbal meaning.
        Accenting: Vocalic cues allow us to emphasize particular parts of a message, which helps determine meaning
        Substituting: Vocalic cues can take the place of other verbal or nonverbal cues
        Regulating: Vocalic cues help regulate the flow of conversations
        Contradicting: Vocalic cues may contradict other verbal or nonverbal signals
  - - - Touch is also used in many other contexts—for example, during play, during physical conflict, and during conversations
  - - - How a large group of people view time.
        
        Polychronic people do not view time as a linear progression that needs to be divided into small units and scheduled in advance. Polychronic people keep more flexible schedules and may engage in several activities at once. Monochronic people tend to schedule their time more rigidly and do one thing at a time. A polychronic or monochronic orientation to time influences our social realities and how we interact with others.
    - - The fixed cycles of days, years, and seasons, which can affect mood and pyschological state.
    - - Ways in which individuals experience time, influenced by mood, interest, and other factors.
        
        People with past-time orientations may want to reminisce about the past, reunite with old friends, and put considerable time into preserving memories and keepsakes
    - - The rhythms of living things, which can be interrupted by things such as jet-lag or all-nighters,
        
        For example, early morning conversations and speeches may require more preparation to get yourself awake enough to communicate well
  - - - often both used to acknowledge others and communicate interest or attentiveness
      - There are four general human postures: standing, sitting, squatting, and lying down
        
        Within each of these postures there are many variations, and when combined with particular gestures or other nonverbal cues they can express many different meanings.
    - - Certain eye behaviors have become tied to personality traits or emotional states, as illustrated in phrases like “hungry eyes,” “evil eyes,” and “bedroom eyes.”
        
        -Regulate interaction and provide turn-taking signals
        -Monitor communication by receiving nonverbal communication from others
        -Signal cognitive activity (we look away when processing information)
        -Express engagement (we show people we are listening with our eyes)
        -Convey intimidation
        -Express flirtation
        -Establish rapport or connection
    - - Adaptors
        
        Touching behaviors and movements that indicate internal states typically related to arousal or anxiety.
        
        Adaptors can be targeted toward the self, objects, or others. In regular social situations, adaptors result from uneasiness, anxiety, or a general sense that we are not in control of our surroundings. Many of us subconsciously click pens, shake our legs, or engage in other adaptors during classes, meetings, or while waiting as a way to do something with our excess energy
      - Illustrators
        
        For example, you might use hand gestures to indicate the size or shape of an object. Unlike emblems, illustrators do not typically have meaning on their own and are used more subconsciously than emblems.
      - Emblems
        
        Gestures that have a specific agreed-on meaning
        
        For example, a hitchhiker’s raised thumb, the “OK” sign with thumb and index finger connected in a circle with the other three fingers sticking up, and the raised middle finger are all examples of emblems that have an agreed-on meaning or meanings with a culture.
    - - We can interpret much meaning from a human face caught in a moment of expression, and basic facial expressions are recognizable by humans all over the world.
  - - - these characteristics play a large role in initial impression formation
    - - use nonverbal communication to convey dominance and status, which helps define and negotiate power and roles within relationships
        
        For example, a CEO might use big cars to lord his power over others.