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The driving energies: chemical energy and Thermal dynamics (Thermal…
The driving energies: chemical energy and Thermal dynamics
Chemical energy
Potential energy
Uproduct-Ureactant=E
E<0 Endothermic
E>0 Exothermic
U=ΣEbonding
bondings
Breaking acquires energy
Forming releases energy
Enthalpy
energy released each M of matter
Q=H2-H1=ΔH
ΔH=Hf1-Hf2
ΔH1+ΔH2=ΔH
ΣHbonding
Entropy
The state of chaos
Suniverse=Ssurrondings+Ssystem
postive: spontaneously
negative: non spontaneously
Gibbs free energy
ΔG=ΔH-ΔST
H1+ΔST=H2
Thermal dynamics
Kinetic theory of molecules
Ideal gas
rate of effusion ∝ 1/M^(1/2)
E=1/2mv^2
PV=2/3KE
State of matter
solid
liquid
gas
I Law
The internal energy of an isolated system is constant.
II Law
Heat cannot spontaneously flow from a colder location to a hotter location.
III Law
As a system approaches absolute zero(-273.15), all processes cease and the entropy of the system approaches a minimum value.