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Chapter 6: nonverbal communication (Functions (Substituting: nonverbal…
Chapter 6: nonverbal communication
Characteristics
Nonverbal communication: messages expressed through nonlinguistic means.
Text example: size laughs and other things like body language.
It is virtually impossible to communicate without nonverbal communication. Non verbal communication is primarily relational, it is also ambiguous, it is different than verbal,and these skills are important.
Afect displays- non verbal expressions using facial expressions, body movements, and vocal traits
In my life: seeing a friend, extra quiet and looking in general sad, communicates with me that something is wrong
Influences
Some expressions are universal such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, disgust and surprise
Culture influences non verbal communication
Text example: in France a Belgium the okay symbol we use here means your worth nothing there
Gender influences non verbal communication
Text example: women tend to smile more, use more facial expressions, use more gestures, stand closer together, be more vocally expressive, make more eye contact.
This is mostly a socail expression, not a biological one
In my life: I noticed that when I'm talking to a female friend they seem more expressive and more likely to empathize.
Functions
Repeating - mirroring someone's words in gestures
In my life: I often verify directions by pointing left or right so that I know where I'm going.
Substituting: nonverbal cues that have direct meaning that everyone in a culture knows.
Text example: nodding, waving and sharing.
Emblems: a term used to describe nonverbal behaviors that have precise meanings known to everyone within a cultural group.
Complementing: nonverbal behaviors that match the content of a verbal message
Illustrators: nonverbal behaviors that a company and support spoken words.
My life: someone says they are OK but they don't look OK I have an idea that something may be wrong
Accenting: using nonverbal behavior to emphasize a verbal point.
Text example: pointing and accusing finger at someone.
Regulating: nonverbal behaviors used to let people know that you are still talking such as breath patterns and the way we use syllables.
Contradicting: saying something well simultaneously giving different nonverbal cues.
In my life: humor called sarcasm may be an example of this.
Text example: deliberately not saying something to save face
Deceiving: sometimes body language and nonverbal communication can be used to deceive people or giveaway deception.
Apparently people often make more eye contact and fidget less When they are lying
Types
Body movements
Posture and gesture: The way we sit reveals messages about how we are feelings
Kinesics: The study of body movement gesture and posture
Text example: rapists often use postural cues to select victims they believe will be easy to intimidate.
Manipulators: movements in which one party part of your body grooms massages rubs holds fidget pinches pics or otherwise manipulates another part of your body a.k.a. fidgeting.
Facial expressions: influence how people perceive messages.
Affect Blends: A combination of two or more expressions showing different emotions
Voice: local cues
Paralanguage: a term social scientist use to describe nonverbal vocal messages.
Text example: the use of emphasis.
Disfluencies- stammering, use of uh and er
In my life: I may decide that someone doesn't know what they're talking about if they have many dysfluencies in a sentence.
Appearance: physical attractiveness and clothing influence communicative power
Physical attractiveness: more attractive people are given preferential treatment, taller people are treated better
Example: children decide that people are nicer when they're more physically attractive.
People that are naturally attractive become more attractive when people get to know them and can influence how they look buy clothing and behaviors.
Clothing: can be used to communicate ideas and many other things.
Text example: better dressed more appropriately dressed people do better in communication
Touch
Haptics: The term social scientists use to refer to the study of human touch in behavior
Text example: people who receive a slight touch on the arm are more likely to comply.
Space
Proxemics- The study of the way people and animals use space.
Intimate distance: skin contact to about 18 inches apart
In my life: I may talk within into the distance of my best friend or significant other.
Personal distance: this ranges from 18 inches at its closest point to 4 feet at its farthest.
In my life: there are certain people that I want to have at least personal distance from.
Social distance: this ranges for about 4 feet to 12 feet
Text example: This type of communication is most often occurring in business situations
Public distance: outward of 12 feet
Text example: most teachers use this in the classroom
Territory: fixed space that we consider our own
In my life: my bedroom is my territory.
Environment: we prefer more aesthetically pleasing rooms and spaces to communicate and we communicate better in these rooms
Time
Chronemics: The study of how human beings use and structure time
Monochronic : cultures emphasizing punctuality schedules and completing one task at a time
Cultures like North America German and Swiss
Polychronic: cultures with more flexible schedules that can multi task and pursue many things at once.
Text example cultures like south American culture Mediterranean in Arab
Building competence
Tune out words and look for nonverbal cues
Use perception checking if you were unclear about what people mean
Pay attention to your own nonverbal behavior