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Section L: Plant Reproduction (sexual (wind pollination (long filaments…
Section L: Plant Reproduction
sexual
stamen (male reproductive part):
the anther contains pollen grains - these produce the male gametes (sperm)
the filament is the stalk that supports the anther
carpel (female reproductive part):
stigma-end bit that pollen grains attach to
style-rod like section that support the stigma
the ovary contains the female gametes (eggs) inside ovules
pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma, so the male gametes can fertilise the female gametes in sexual reproduction
cross-pollination is type of sexual reproduction where pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another
plants that cross pollinate rely on insects or the wind
insect pollination
scented flowers & nectaries to attract insects
make big, sticky pollen grains to stick to insects as they go from plant to plant
brightly coloured petal to attract insects
stigma is also sticky so pollen picked up by insects on other plants will stick to the stigma
wind pollination
long filaments that hang the anthers outside the flower, so that lots of pollen gets blown away by the wind
large, feathery stigma to catch as it's carried past by the wind. stigma often hangs outside the flower too
lots of pollen grains - small and light so they can easily by carried by the wind
no nectaries or strong scents
small, dull petals on the flower
fertilisation
a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, usually with help from insects or the wind
a pollen tube grows out of the pollen grain & down through the style to the ovary and into the ovule
fertilisation is the fusion of gametes
a nucleus from the male gamete moves down the tube to join with a female gamete in the ovule. Fertilisation is when two nuclei fuse together to make a zygote. this divides by mitosis to form an embryo
each fertilised female gamete forms a seed. the ovary develops into a fruit around the seed
asexual
naturally
strawberry plants
the parent strawberry plant sends out runners - fast growing stems that grow out sideways just above the ground
the runners take root at various points (a short distance away) and new plants start to grow
the new plants are clones of the parent strawberry plant, so there's no genetic variation between them
e.g. strawberry plants, spider plants, potatoes, daffodils etc
artificially
gardeners can take cuttings from good parent plants, and then plant them to produce genetically identical copies (clones) of the parent plant
these plants can be produced quickly and cheaply
asexual reproduction can be used to clone plants using cuttings