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Module 1 (comparison of hardware networks (hub (multipart repeater,…

- - - - telephone system
    - - postal system
        
        receiver acknowledgement
- - - - based on address
  - - - one sender -one receiver = UNICASTING
- - - - raw bit transmission
      - limitations
        
        electrical ,mechanical
      - lies above physical medium
      - controls data rate
      - sychronization of bits
      - line configuration
      - transmission mode
      - physical topology
    - - converts raw bits into frames
      - physical addressing
      - flow control
      - error control
      - access control
    - - limitaion
        
        packet transfer path
      - logical addressing
      - routing
    - - service-point addressing
      - segmentation and reassembly
        
        made into segements having SEQUENCE nos.
      - connection control
      - flow control
      - error control
    - - establish sessions
      - dialog control
      - synchronisation
    - - syntax ,semantics
      - translation
      - compression
      - encryption
    - - access network -ftp,smptf
      - mail services
      - directory services
      - network virtual terminal
  - - - high level protocols
        
        TELNET,FTP ,DNS
    - - Transmission control protocol (TCP)
        
        connection-oriented
      - user datagram protocol (UDP)
    - - LAN ,ARPANET,SATNET
    - - official packet format (datagrams)
      - Internet protocol