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Feedback (How to make feedback effective (The effectiveness of the…
Feedback
Intrinsic feedback
Information available to the performer that is internal from the sensory system, often continuous in nature and arises from signals from the proprioceptors found in the muscles, ligaments and joints.
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Extrinsic feedback
Extrinsic feedback is from an external source to the performer, it can lead to improved performance and motivation. However, if feedback is inaccurate, performace will deteriorate and motivation will lower. External feedback should be used with care to ensure the performer doesn't become too reliant on it. This would prevent them from developing internal feedback.
The type of feedback should be given depends on the personality of the performer, ability of performer and activity.
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Positive feedback
Involves information that is often extrinsic and rewards the performer often via praise or positive comments during the performance.
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Negative feedback
Negative feedback can be in the form of criticism and may concentrate on poor aspects of the performance and results.
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Knowledge of results
This is a form of external feedback. It comes from the performer seeing the result of their response or from another person. It is important for the performer to know what the result of their action has been. There can be very little learning without this feedback especially in the early stages of learning.
Knowledge of performance
Feedback about a pattern of movement that has taken or is taking place. Normally external feedback but it can be gained through kinaesthetic awareness. This occurs in highly skilled performers and they know what a good performance feels like.
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Feedback involves using the information that is available to the performer during the performance of a skill or after the response to alter the performance.