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Respiratory System (Pulmonary Volumes (Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)…

- - - - solubility coefficient is the volume of gas that dissolves in a specified volume of liquid at a given temperature and pressure
  - - - partial pressure is the pressure exerted by each gas within a mixture of gases and is measured in mm Hg
- - - - apneustic
        
        overstimulation results in long gasping inspirations interrupted by occasional expirations
      - pneumotaxic
        
        sends inhibitory signals to inspiratory center of medulla
        
        controls "switch off" so controls inspiratory time
  - - - primary sensory receptors involved in altering breathing
      - monitor fluctuations in concentration of hydrogen ions and respiratory gases within cerebrospinal fluid and blood then lets medulla know to make changes
- - - - first structure of conducting passageway
      - formed by hyaline cartilage, bone, dense irregular connective tissue, covered by skin externally
    - - extends from nostrils to choanae (paired openings that lead into the pharynx)
      - floor made of hard and soft palate, roof made of nasal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid bones
      - function is to warm, cleanse, and humidify air
        
        warm- by extensive array of blood vessels, they dilate in response to cold temps resulting in dilation=increased blood flow
        
        cleanse- inhaled microbes, dust, foreign materials get trapped in mucus covering inner tract
        
        humidify- as it passes through moist environment of cavity
      - Sinuses
        
        Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, sphenoidal
        
        all lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
        
        spaces within skull bones
    - - "throat"
      - lateral walls made up of skeletal muscles
      - air through entire length, air and food at inferior portions
      - 3 regions
        
        Nasopharynx
        
        lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
        
        soft palate forms seal to prevent food/drink from entering nasal cavity
        
        Oropharynx
        
        posterior to oral cavity, extends from soft palate superiorly to hyoid bone inferiorly
        
        palatine tonsils and lingual tonsils provide defense against ingested/inhaled foreign materials
        
        passageway for food/air
        
        Laryngopharynx
        
        posterior to larynx
        
        passageway for food/air
        
        lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  - - - "voice box"
      - between laryngopharynx and trachea
      - passageway for air
      - prevents ingested materials from entering respiratory tract
      - assists in increasing pressure in abdominal cavity by epiglottis closing over larynx (Valsalva maneuver)
    - - "windpipe"
      - anterior to esophagus, posterior to sternum
      - supported by 15-20 tracheal cartilages
      - the carina is at the split of trachea into main bronchi, covered with sensitive sensory receptors that can induce forceful cough when stimulated by irritants
    - - right and left; right is shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented so foreign particles are most likely to lodge in right bronchi
    - - terminal- last portion of conducting pathway, lead into respiratory bronchioles, first part of respiratory zone
    - - thin airways that lead into alveolar sacs (grape-like cluster of alveoli)
    - - saccular outpocketings
      - simple squamous epithelium
      - air-filled alveoli give lungs spongy nature